The Prostitution Problem (responses) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Prostitution hassle (responses) - Assignment ExampleI therefore concur with the response that a double standard dwell over the prostitution problem and that the society has forced women into prostitution by establishing them as weaker people who argon vulnerable to mens manipulations.The response is comprehensive and its inference to the contemporary environment is valid because lit shows that despite numerous sources of condition that women can use, especially in domestic set ups against male dominion, women as yet find themselves vulnerable. Men retain financial responsibility in families and their higher economic potential creates power over their married partners and other women who may be desperate for financial support. Factors such as spiritual and cultural values also undermine possible sources of power that women could use counter male influence. Consequently, women detain tools for manipulation by men and their best alternative is to take capitalistic advantage o f mens sexual needs. This establishes the basis of prostitution even in the contemporary despite better economic environment for women (Ghanim

Challenges expected and Most Surprising things in The Martian Essay

Challenges expected and Most Surprising things in The Martian - Essay ExampleIn the novel, Weir did not depict the details of futuristic equipment that astronauts take with them on deflower. There is no absolute idea that surprises the readers. However, Mark is the last person left in kitchen range of command who is most qualified person. Challenge is not in the strands of protagonist standing on the Mars challenge is to make the strands more exciting and funny to read it (Scalzi).Death is expected after the departure, florid Mars and indicant the back cover of book The Martin. The Martian novel sounds in parts as like the movie Armageddon. John McLane has scarified himself to ensure that asteroid does not like to turn the Earth into visionary putty where every thing has broken down at the rate of one Gogol in a femtosecond. Nobody dies instead of it counting the potatoes and bacteria.Thanks to Jackie, who was a wonderful lady as she said never leave me for anything ever? Charac ter of Mark Watney is more than I dream off for ever. Removing the vulgarity from it makes the The Martian book better reading than any other books that reveals the living on the Mars under the non-ideal circumstances.I cannot have many expectations from reading of The Martian, because of my little interest in the space. Plot of the novel is sounded very connatural like other space movies and novels, which have come out. Therefore, no difference is expected by reading it to other space narrations. It is much glad to say that one is pleasantly surprised and find fuss in leaving the book on table.

Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Policing - Essay ExampleAccording to the law, presidential term officials must(prenominal) have a warrant before trespassing on backstage real estate, bandage other toffee-nosed real estate is untied to illegal and unauthorized invasion without either a warrant or probable cause (Hubbart, 2005). Lawyers admit that drawing the line between these two types of snobbish real estate has been a major task for the Court. The Forth Amendment statesThe serious of the people to be sterilise in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable essayes and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, scarce upon probable cause, supported by gadfly or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be usurpd (Hubbart 2005, p. 34).Searching a vehicle without a warrant is permissible if police has a reasonable cause such as drug trafficking or an offence is being committed. In cases where it is impossible t o obtain a warrant, he continued, the officer may act, still only if probable cause exists. The expansive language requiring a warrant whenever practicable and only allowing a search or seizure without a warrant if it is impossible to get a warrant laboured Courts to search high and low for rules that would live up to that language without making law enforcement all but impossible in the modern world. succession the police might have had probable cause to seize the car and its occupants, they should have obtained a search warrant before going further and searching the railway car because the Fourth Amendment protects privacy as well as property. For this reason, the convictions for conspiracy to rob a bank were distressed (Hubbart, 2005). In contrast to automobiles, police should obtain a warrant in order to search a residence. Is assumed that individuals do not have a legitimate expectation of privacy in an open field, he argued, even in an open field surrounded by trees, a fen ce, and a locked gate. While the Fourth Amendment protects property, this is not the kind of property worthy of protection. That means in intimately cases the government must have a warrant before invading the sanctity of a home. The house is a private building on private property, not open to the general public and therefore part of the private sphere government may not invade without a warrant. The Fourth Amendment, critics argued, is not tied to the dictates of the past English common law (Hubbart, 2005). The amendment was instead intended to serve as the basis for the development of impudently U.S. law that would be separate and distinct from the ancient English rules. While the majority of justices assumed that most people would consent to having the inspector in their home or business, those people who did not had a right to be protected from arbitrary actions by government officials. Therefore, they would be allowed to obtain a warrant to search in such an area for violati ons if they satisfied the judge that they had good reason to make the inspections and were not

Methods research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Methods research - Assignment ExampleEach of the calciferol respondents will fill a questionnaire with 30 questions. The questionnaire will be based on a 5-point Likert suit scale and ordinal scale with open-end answers being measured using non-ordinal scale.Prior permission for query will be obtained from the randomly selected schools. The respondents will only be allowed to participate after agreeing to the consent form. A pilot burner study will be conducted by randomly selecting a sample of 30 participants 15 male and 15 female. Necessary adjustments will be made based on the outcome of the pilot study to assure validity and reliability of the research. The research assistants will administer the questionnaires to obtain the primary data. The detective will administer both closed stop an open-ended questions through personal interview. The closed ended questions will be administered first. The open-ended questions will be administered afterword with an aim of clarifying som e of the responses from the closed ended

Book reflection--Breath,eyes,memory( Edwidge Danticat,New York,1999) Essay - 1

Book reflection-- glimmering,eyes,memory( Edwidge Danticat,New York,1999) - Essay ExampleBreath Eyes Memory, a novel written by Edwidge Danticat, tells of a young, Sophie Caco, who matures up to be a charr as she was delimited by the Haitian culture. The story starts with Sophie who is aged six and living with her aunt Atie in Haiti. Born after her go, Martine was sexually molested. Danticat puts together a narrative of a young woman of Haitian origin coming to terms with her overprotect, her nation, and her own identity. Sophies mother, Martine, leaves her behind with her aunt since she is trying to pull by means of from her problems. At only twelve, Sophies mother sends for her to come reside with her in America. Nonetheless Sophie refuses to go as her mother forced her to undergo a traditional virginity test. At18, Sophie falls in love with Joseph, a inhabit who is much older. Joseph is a musician whom Martine does not approve of. Consequently, Sophie is not able to forget th e truth that her mother made her undergo the test and each time she sleeps with her husband she likely remembers the testing. Martine and Sophie begin to work on their mother-daughter bond and problems they have faced all through their lives. The story however has a tragic stop leaving readers in suspense if Sophie learns to accept the bond with mother.At 12, she is to joins her mother as she moves from an impoverished townsfolk of Croix-des-Rosets to America to live with her. However there are hidden memories from Haiti buried away that afflict twain Sophie and her alienated insomniac mother (Danticat, pg. 85). She uncovers hidden secrets no child ought to ever make out, that her mother is overwrought from a rape ordeal that happened years ago. Later when Sophie is all grown up and has a family of her own, she realizes that her mother condition is worsening.Neither Sophie nor Martine can run away from the burden of the past, which ultimately leads to sexual trauma, bulimia, inso mnia and mental twinge

Challenge of Intercultural Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Challenge of Intercultural Communication - Essay ExampleIntercultural perspective helps to deepen our k right awayledge and broaden horizons. During my studies I was involved in the common project with my Iranian friend, we provided each new(prenominal) with useful insights about our countries. comparative analysis made our essays better and, as a result, we both got excellent marks.Even though now I understand how beneficial intercultural experiences might be, earlier I had some prejudice regarding meeting spokespersons of separate cultures. I was especially suspicious about meeting Iranian men, whom I imagined as very narrow-minded and even dangerous people. Probably, such prejudice was formed in my mind by popular mussiness media, talking a lot about Muslim terrorists and difficulties in negotiations with Iran. When I first met Ahmad, first representative of his race, ethnicity, nationality and religion, I was confused and hesitated to start conversation. However, our common task made me do so, and when we started talking, I realized that I met very interesting open-minded person with broad and yet deep knowledge in divers(prenominal) spheres of social sciences. Ice was broken, we made a great common project and even became friends afterwards. Later on, I told him about my initial prejudice and we laughed together on it. This intercultural encounter has taught me to be more open to representatives of other cultures. I made more international friends which made my life more exciting.I believe that it is Copernican to be able to overcome all stereotypes and prejudices as this is essential basis for our own well-being, the way to meliorate our life and make it more interesting. Most importantly, this is the only possible way to peaceful coexistence in our world, which is so diverse and intercultural, though globalized and highly interconnected.Advertisement campaigns usually appeal to societal values, which are important for consumers. Companies testi fy to understand the identity of the person who would buy the

Initial public offering (federal express) session long project module Essay

Initial public go (federal express) session long project module 1 - Essay ExampleThe main reason for choosing this play along is to due to the size and conclusion of the alliance. The high society operates worldwide which provides a vaster and larger possibility to learn somewhat the company and the various developments that it entails. The other reasons why this company has been chosen include the fact that the company holds a major share in the market, and the company has developed its business to such a great extent that it is recognized worldwide. FedEx not only provides express delivery business but also provides small piece of land ground delivery as well. The company also provides a wide range of document think as well other business services. One other reason to choose this company is the display case of IPO that they employ. The company went in for an IPO to become public and to be listed in the New York business line Exchange. This makes it a better company to st udy and allows a more focused view on how the company expands and improves the overall business.An initial public whirl plays a major role in every business. In the case of FedEx, the company had its IPO on 12th April 1978 and the share price was $24 per share. The company has been transaction on the NYSE since 28th December 1978 and uses the symbol of FDX. The company went in for a public offering in 1978 to raise enough capital and to also be listed in the New York Stock Exchange. The company used the IPO to set up the stock price. In 1978 when the company decided to go public, they used the IPO to distribute the shares of the company to public. Here once FedEx registered with the SEC, the company worked with investment banks to sign the contract and to be able to sell the shares of the company (Stock Market Investors, 2010). The contractors would need to provide an agreement which shows that they agree to underwrite the scattering of the shares (Chechile, 2004). Once the two p arties had

Strategic Plan as a Crucial Part of Dynamics of Transforming Technolog Coursework

Strategic Plan as a Crucial Part of Dynamics of Transforming engineering science - Coursework ExampleIn a broader sense, strategicalal supply is a decision-making activity. Every organization has certain systems of strategic endning, whether implied or unambiguous. The core of the strategic plan lies in developing the right future for organizations and to accomplish warring reward over other rivals. Formal strategic planning in the introduce age is a recent phenomenon of a rapidly changing environment. Nowadays, as information technology serves as the motivator of some(prenominal) organizational renovations, there is an increased pressure on organizations to address their strategic planning in memory with the upgraded technological benefits. Success usually takes place when an organization is capable of accomplishing resemblance between technology and strategic planning. The strategic planning is intended to ensure that technological activities are properly associated with the growing requirements and strategies of an organization. In present days, several organizations attempt to maintain that technology as well as strategy is incorporated with a clear understanding of task direction. Organizations accomplish a high degree of consonance between business priorities and technological functions through better strategic configuration. In the changing technological environment, the position of strategic planning with technological activities has become one of the topmost matters for any business.In present days, the use of technology can presently impact on the competitive position in an organization. Technology has become a new machine for organizations to develop competitiveness, indicating a new connection between business strategy and technological improvement. The competitive advantage of strategic planning based on technology can be observed from the business plan of Beach Bum gym where the use of Netpulse technology can enhance the entertainment related get word of the members within the gym, making it one of the most competitive facilities among other gym clubs. It can bring some fundamental changes in the gym industry by providing customers to design their own workout environment harmonize to their suitability.

Consumer behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Consumer behavior - Essay ExampleThe main branch of Nintendo Company, Limited (NCL) is locate in Kyoto, Japan. Over the years, Nintendo managed to establish its global offices in the United States, Canada, Australia, Europe, China, and Korea. (Nintendo - The Official Magazine, 2007)Nintendo DS, also known as NDS or DS which stands for Dual Screen and Developers System (Nintendo DS, 2007a), is a handheld game console that is make by Nintendo back in 2004. Similar to Game Boy Advance SP, NDS has a two liquid crystal display screens with a sensitive touch screen, built-in microphone, and is Wi-Fi capable in place to enhance the gaming arrest of the players. In China, NDS or DS is known as iQue DS.The development and promotional activities of NDS is incredibly a success. by and by the first week of launching the new proceeds, the company managed to sell 500,000 or more than 90% of its ready(prenominal) Nintendo DS units. (Becker, 2004) During the same year, Nintendo DS successfull y defeated Sonys sales of PlayStation Portable or PSP with just 200,000 sold in Japan by mid-December. As of end of September 2006, Nintendo DS and Nintendo DS unaccented have sold more than 26.82 million units.The purpose of this study is to enable the researcher to have a better insight on how to conduct a food marketing audit on Nintendo DS. In order to successfully analyze the market segment of Nintendo DS, it is necessary for the all the Nintendo for the researcher to carefully study the product mix or the 4 Ps of NDS known as product, pricing, promotional activities, and place (market distribution).The market for Nintendos Game Boy has already reached its peak. In order to maintain the companys authoritative position on being able to grab the biggest market share on handheld gaming, it is pivotal for the company to constantly develop and launch a more high-tech handheld console in the global market.There is a

Describe How Human Resource Management helps in increasing and Research Paper

make out How Human Resource Management helps in increasing and improving employee efficiency and perfomance in work come out - Research Paper ExampleHRM Effects on Employees in a Workplace The human imagery management team in a piece of work has a signifi usher outt effect on the surgical operation and improvement of the nerveal employees. There are several postings that an HRM team considers in order to realize the potency and capability of the employees, their chances of improving and hence the methods to help them out for enhancing their work and career opportunities. It is for this reason that HRM is one of the to the highest degree essential parts of every organization as it deals with the employee proceeding, their training and development as well as their retention in the organization for a longer period of time. This also postulates planning of wages packages strategically such that the employees may be motivated and back up to give their outmatch performance for their organization. Considering such an all-important(prenominal) role of the HRM, some of the concepts that the team follows in regard to their employees are discussed in this research. Training and development assume learning and developing the skills required for any task to be completed by the workforce (Bhatia 257). The HRM of an organization provides its employees with such training and development such that their job skills are enhanced. As a result the performance of the employees improves. Moreover, with training, the enhanced performance of the employees is maintained for a longer period of time. Development reflects on the festering of the employees in terms of their performances as well as skills (Bhatia 257). thus with development of the employees, organizational employees obtain an overall growth which is focused towards their career as well. Training and development are the roles of the HRM in a workplace positively affecting the performance of the employees. Per formance management is another role of the HRM that is focused on the development of the running(a) teams as well as of the individual employees thereby enhancing their capabilities and enabling gain of success by the organization. Appraisals involve organized assessment of the performances of employees in a workplace associated with their behavior and effective completion of tasks depending on which they magnate be rewarded or trained accordingly (Tatichhi 196-197). Thus performance management and appraisals allow an understanding of the stick in status of an employee in terms of his performance which can accordingly be rewarded or improved. Thus this measure can be said to have positive implications on the performance of the employees who would try to give their best to achieve positive feedbacks for their work. Strategic plans are often utilized by HRM while planning for the compensation packages of the employees. Establishment of strategic pay plans is considered as a strateg ic measure of the HRM in a workplace that is focused on planning of the compensations in a manner such that the right people can be attracted to the organization. This compensation planning may not match with that prevalent in the marketplace (Kumar 284). Thus such strategic plans as followed and implemented by the HRM of an organization can be said to be effective in improving the performance of the employees. This is primarily because, with increased pay and rewards, the employees would be further encouraged towards considering their

Knowledge and theory are embedded across the study of accounting Essay

companionship and theory are embedded across the study of story - Essay ExampleSecondly, the concept of accounting system is also defined as a strong social dynamism, which substantially helps organisations to build strong sustainability by delivering transparent view of the financial records to the societies, organisations and battalion surrounding to it (Kennedy, 2011). In relation to the continuous evolution of accounting theories and practice guidelines, organisations in the present globalised crease environment are highly focused on complying with a specific set of accounting principles in order to conserve reliability and validity of the financial records (Kennedy, 2011).Therefore, with this concern, the essay intends to critically explore the statement Knowledge and theory are embedded across the study of accounting. The discussion of the essay reveals few of the major accounting theories and principles employed by the organisations in the contemporary business phenomeno n.Over the years, scholars hurl been intrigued by different concepts and disciplines and have been engaged in expressing their views in the form of study. In this regard, several scholars have contributed their efforts towards the study of accounting. These studies are considered to be of prime importance for myriad reasons. In addition, the study related to accounting has been considered as an attempt towards explaining the conglomerate reasons and logic behind certain accounting practices. The studies are further considered to be extremely important as the accounting standards are framed and developed with reference to these studies. The study on accounting involves sound reason of various practices as well as it deals with the examination of pros and cons in accounting practices. The importance of the study of accounting can be thus related with the effectiveness of the current accounting standards and guiding principles espoused by the

Coursework Critical Analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical compend - Coursework ExampleThis is due to rapid increase in refugee numbers and interference with relief supply routes. This has resulted in malnutrition in the large number that is threatening to reach critical levels.Obviously the methods mentioned above are best employ to children below the age of 12. It is quite ambitious to target the entire population with anthropometric measurements but this is not the best approach. First of all, the method is quite disruptive and is akin to bring all the activities in the camp to a halt as the entire population is targeted. Taking samples of the children will live adults especially en, to go on with their lives as best they can.Secondly, children are a good indicator of the levels of malnutrition since they are usually the trounce affected exhibiting symptoms that are not very manifest in adults as they have not fully developed immunity to basic health problems. For instance, adults have stores of torso protein in the labile amino mordant pool which is primarily apply as energy when the individual is starving. Such storage is very tokenish or nonexistent in children (Rowett, 2010).It is inevitable that anthropometric methods will need to be employed to nail down how acute the situation is for government interventions. Given the situation, the most effective measurement that can be used is the Middle-Upper Arm Circumference Muac to establish the level of malnutrition in the camp (Mother Child Nutrition, 2010).Using other methods such as the Body Mass Index (BMI) which estimate nutritional health by calculating the body weight of an individual divided by the square of his height is not reliable in this incase since it is limited to adults. The method is not directly applied to children since they are still growing and have therefrom not attained their full height. As indicated earlier, children are usually the most affected by malnutrition in any given population hence this method would leave them out

Teaching Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Teaching broadcast - Research Paper ExampleNurse teachers need to develop a proper education project that consisting of bookman assessment, expected outcomes, appropriate teaching strategies, and applicable theory for the teaching interventions. Facts of the Case rosemary historied her 27th birthday on June 12, 2013. Despite having attained this age, rosemary has never visited a Voluntary Testing, and steering (VCT) centre to hunch her gentlemans gentleman immunodeficiency virus status. There are several centres and hospitals in her hometowns good deal that test and advice people concerning their human immunodeficiency virus status. Rosemarys parents and workmates have made several unsuccessful attempts to encourage her to visit one of the centres to be tested since it is necessary for her if she wants to take good care of her health. Her fiance proposed marriage to her on condition that she buy up to undergo the human immunodeficiency virus testing first. Rosemary, however, di d non agree. She argued that if the fiance does not trust her, then he green goddess find another partner and go ahead to marriage. One of the reasons that makes Rosemary to avoid testing her HIV status is that she fears to find out that she is positive according to her, this would accelerate her death due to increased stress. Rosemary also fears that the doctors may reveal her HIV status test results, which will traumatize her in the governance of her fri demises and relatives. Rosemary is undoubtedly aware that she was involved in a sexual relationship with a town businessman who died of HIV/AIDS approximately three years ago. Objectives of the Teaching Plan By the end of the teaching session, the learner will be able to 1. Appreciate the necessity of undergoing the HIV test to know her status. 2. Understand how HIV/AIDS transmittings are spread, and the time that the virus takes to develop in the body of human beings. 3. Identify informed lifestyle choices and changes that w ill maintain health despite her HIV status. 4. Enlighten the learner about the significance of complying with the requirements of medication and nutrition. Assessment of the learner and Related Factors The learner in this case is Rosemary. Rosemary has developed a negative attitude towards HIV testing. Rosemarys beliefs that the doctors may reveal her HIV test results to her friends and family members, which may ca-ca trauma and hatred. According to her, knowing or not knowing her HIV status does not make any difference because testing will not treat her if she is HIV positive. The factors that have conduct into this belief include mind limitations, inattention, lack of exposure to accurate information, and lack of motivation to learn. Most people do not understand the significance of knowing their HIV statuses because they do not have intellectual knowledge concerning the self-care. People who work in other fields such as industrial manufacturing, engineering, teaching and servin g consultants are not informed about adversities associated with HIV/AIDS infections and the benefits of knowing their statuses during the early stages of infection (Prater, 2011). Rosemary is a mature person who is about to get married. Rosemary is a qualified accountant and a bank manager in her hometown. Regardless of her intellect in the accounting field, Rosemary has confine intellectuality about the significance of going for a test to know her status of HIV. Inattention is another cause of failure to understand the health benefits of knowing ones HIV status. Information about HIV/AIDS is one of the most common themes in the print

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Article Critique - turn up ExamplePurpose of the look into The research sought to establish the factors from the SCT standpoint that influence the utilization demeanour of fruits and veget equal to(p)s among the adolescents in the low-income bracket of the black Americans in the lower Mississippi Delta region. Personal, environmental as well as behavioural factors give way been investigated in the study to establish the extent to which they influence the consumption patterns of fruits and vegetables by the targeted adolescents. mode of the research This qualitative research used the focus base methodology to collect data from the participants. 42 adolescents between the ages of 10 and 13 years were involved in the focus groups which were divided equally into six. 21 female and 21 male adolescents were involved in this study. The advantage of this method is that it enabled the researcher to get in-person opinions from the participants about the factors that influenced their co nsumption behaviour and patterns of fruits and vegetables. Results of the research The results of the research have been divided into three main categories of the amicable Cognitive Theory which include behavioural, personal and environmental factors. ... Personal factors such as taste compete a major role in influencing the consumption behaviour of fruits and vegetables among the youths who participated in the survey. There were both veto and positive connotations about the taste of fruits and vegetables. For instance, many youths revealed that they like fruits because of their sweet taste while the taste of vegetables produced more than negative reactions. Many youths described the taste of vegetables as nasty and they said that they would rather prefer to consume vegetables that have been prepared with sugar or cheese since these ingredients could improve the taste. The results of the study also revealed that environmental factors have an influence on the consumption behavi our of fruits and vegetables by the youths. The aspect of availability played a major role in influencing the behaviour of youths towards fruits and vegetables. Many participants pointed out that fruits and vegetables were not readily available at their homes as well as the nearby grocery shops. Some of the youths said they ate fruits and vegetables when they visit their friends places. This showed that the youths cannot be able to consume something they cannot readily access and this is seen as a barrier to their consumption behaviour of the fruits and vegetables. Conclusion of the research The purpose of this research was to explore factors that influence the low-income southern black American adolescents fruit and vegetable consumption patterns with the aim of developing tools that are culturally relevant for intervention and measurement of behaviour among this target group with regards to choice of fruits and

Case Study He Said, She Said Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

He Said, She Said - Case domain ExamplePresentation of the Key Facts It seems that Marie and Lenny have lived together for some time without mike. The reason this seems this way is because Marie wants Mike to have a hands off approach in matters with Lenny. She is Mikes fiancee only when she does non allow him to have any real interaction about the discipline with Lenny. Lenny does whatever he pleases and in this particular instance, he defies his curfew. There could be many things going on with him until these wee hours of the morning. Marie does not seem to want to punish Lenny in any real way and this crystalises Mike very pertain with their relationship. As an example, in the present situation, Marie did not approach Lenny for the reason he was out until 245 am, yet rather told him she was worried and that he should call if he is going to be out late. Her negate style with Lenny seems to be very passive and one that seems to avoid conflict (Bragg, 2010). It seems that Mar ie does not want to make Lenny angry because he is her child and the relationship with him is more important than discipline. Also, Lenny tells his mother he will do whatever she wants around the house as long as she allows him to stay out late. Mike on the other hand, sees where the situation is going and knows that Lenny needs discipline. He has a more assertive style but he seems to not show it because Marie will not let him.

Quantitative Decision Making-Inventory Control Models Essay

Quantitative Decision Making-Inventory declare Models - Essay ExampleCertain indicators tell us how stock-take levels have been managed, as stated by Fleet-management consultant Roger Thompson, vice president, management, fleet and facilities with Bucher, Willis & Ratliff Corp (Skipper 1). Roger Thomson has found some common literary arguments on controlling inventory levels, which can be used to fleets overboard irrespective of the industry sector they serve. Topmost priority is to breakthrough the major share of the parts stocked. What matters is the vaulting horse value of parts released from stock divided by the dollar sign value of all parts released off late. There should be probability of around 50 or 60 per centum of the time the inventory part is available. If it is not so, then certainly things need to change. If the approachability of the part is quite high, say near to 98 percent, it is a sign of overstocking of that part (Skipper 1). Another parameter of maintain ing the right stock is the stock movement rate. If the number of stock lines without any exit in the preliminary 12 months is divided by number of stock lines, it should not be more than 5 percent (Skipper 1). One of the leading parameters of well controlled inventory is the inventory turn rate, according to Thompson, which can be arrived at by deriving the value of all parts released from the stock keeping unit and dividing it by the dollar amount of average annual inventory (Skipper 1).

Modern society Essay Example for Free

Modern society EssayThe modern family is obviously in umpteen ways disparate from the traditional family types that existed in the past. A number of trends ar at work nowadays shaping the modern, or, as some scholars put it, post-modern family (United Nations University). These factors affect the basic foundations of the family and reconfigure the business offices of all members of this institution, receiving different evaluations of psychologists, economists, and sociologists. professor Yount from Emory University notes that modern American families bring forth undergone a dramatic sociological modify in the past decades. Thus, the size of household declined among Caucasians and African Americans and come up among Hispanics, the percentage of households headed by married couples declined from 78 percent to 53 percent in the period from 1950 to 1998 (Yount, 2005). In addition, the proportion of dual-earning couples has increased significantly, creating a new economic real ity (Yount, 2005). Today, the woman is increasingly contributing as much as or even more than the man to the family budget, a fact that has implications for her economic role in the family.A woman is more likely to remain financially independent after break up or even lose money in disjoint proceedings to her husband. This has positive implications for children that are less(prenominal) likely to remain without support after the parents separation and benefits the society, creating a new workforce pool. Against this background a noticeable trend is certainly an alarming divorce rate. In a certain reason, this trend industrial plant against growing importance of wowork force as bread winners, contributing to insecurity of childrens well-being and putting heavily financial pressure on spouses that take custody of children.On the new(prenominal) hand, divorce rates are connected to the new level of womens involvement in the workplace, as well as modernization of womens roles in general (Swanson 20041). In a sense, divorce is the result of growing equalitarianism in family relations, a trend clear from the psychological perspective. Families become more and more egalitarian in the sense that younger and older members, women and men are achieving a more equal status in many ways. However, Swanson (2004) also points out that perfect egalitarianism remains elusive.Most men and women aspiring to build egalitarian families in the times of their courtship face a reality in which they cannot attain this desired ensample and instead lapse into traditional rigid gender roles. This becomes even more of a problem with childbirth. Although men tend to have a great role in parenting than before, women are still responsible for nigh of it, and it tends to re-shape the roles in the family toward greater participation of the woman in household duties and increases her workload relative to that of the man.Thus, a canvas conducted in Switzerland reveals some moderate te ndencies towards less sex typing of task allocation in much(prenominal) items as administrative contacts, gifts, holidays, cleaning, but there envisionms to be a hard core of tasks showing genuinely little budge (cooking meals, washing) (Levy, Widmer, Kellerhals 2002). There are many other changes obvious in the psychological realm. set and priorities in family life are undergoing a constant change.United Nations University in its article on the post-modern family notes that directlys families visit optional participation in nigh aspects of communal life, high levels of privacy and resource as opposed to compulsory participation in all aspects of communal life, lack of privacy and private choice. Because of lower level of required participation in communal activities, mint experience a shift in the nature of identity, often associating themselves with a greater number of fluid kindly groups. determine become less constant, and social roles are changing.One interesting t rend pointed out by Professor Gillis of Rutgers University is the growing virtual character of peoples connections with home. Many spend little time at the place associated with their home, something underscored by the fact that homemade and homecooked is likely to be made anywhere but at home (Gillis 20007). On the other hand, modern communication possibilities in the form of Internet, cheaper long-distance calling and other ways allow for greater connection with relatively remote places.This creates prerequisites for a deep psychological change in the mentality of people who feel at the same time estranged and closer to their relatives who they see less frequently, but can communicate with from a distance. A word should also be give tongue to about the emergence of non-traditional households, starting from cohabitation prior to marriage that can now last decades to homosexual households and those including some(prenominal) couples. Welcomed or abhorred, these families also have a presence in the modern society.As to homosexual couples, we see these days a clear trend toward legitimizing these relationships. This can have far-reaching consequences for modern families. There is a greater scope of opportunities for adoption of children, greater security for members of such families that previously lacked social security, and other economic and social advantages. However, there is also an opinion that the prevalence of these arrangements destroys the foundations of the regular family. Thus, families nowadays undergo a profound change that occurs on sociological, psychological, and economic plane.Most often, these planes prove to be deeply interconnected in many ways. Thus, divorce has roots in growing egalitarianism and shift of values that affect the psychology of young people who get married. On the other hand, it has profound economic ramifications, creating instability and jeopardizing the financial well-being of women and children in most cases. Overall, the modern family demonstrates many trends, increasingly exhibiting diversity and fluidity in definition of patterns and values.BibliographyGillis, John R. Our Virtual Families Toward a Cultural Understanding of Modern Family Life. Emory Universitys Center on Myth and Ritual in American Life Newletter Working Paper No. 2 (2000). 19 November 2006 http//www. marial. emory. edu/pdfs/Gillispaper. PDF. Levy, Rene, Widmer, Eric, and Jean Kellerhals. Modern family or modernized family traditionalism? Master status and the gender order in Switzerland. Electronic Journal of Sociology (2002) Universite de Lausanne. 19 November 2006 http//www. sociology. org/ substance/vol006. 004/lwk. html.

The communication plan Essay Example for Free

The communication plan EssayFor instance if the order market has been decided to be the highest earning groups and pixilated teenagers and younkersters, as we suggest, then the marketing strategy has to take a certain course of action. The communication plan will only be palmy if the company is able to firstly strengthen the scratch plaza in the market. Apart from television and swish magazines it is important to surpass thrust to the check by memory plunk events and parties.Since the product line is being launched with the name of a topline model it would not be very difficult for the model to persuade the whos who of fashion to pay a visit to a launch at the store or through a fashion show. Such an event or a series of such events in different fashion cities of the world will generate huge amounts of media publicity and awareness amongst the target market. This launching strategy could pave the look for eventually customizing this product line for the great middl e class. (OPCUK, n. d. )The right kind of hype and media coverage can distinguish between a successful product and a not so popular one. Television is such a powerful modal(a) that big events such as world cup finals, superbowl finals, major golf events attract billions of cumulative audiences worldwide. so a well directed advertisement can generate positive viewership of the brand. A lot of the consumers in particular in the high earning group have become technology savy and they expect good brands to offer a complete range of their offerings on the website or nigh forum.This calls for investment in a website or some online forum so that people could have a detailed look at some of the designs. In todays world top brands recognise the importance of billboards and poster advertisement as virtually the great majority of drivers do observe an out of the ordinary billboard or poster. The image of this brand could be well complemented by a billboard campaign across all major clas sy areas and major subways in target cities. The billboard advert could feature a top Hollywood young star in one of the stylish dresses of the product line.The message has to be simple and sraightforward and it should tell the customers that it is a product line for the urban youth which is style conscious. The billboard advert could just show the hollywood actor or actress saying Pink is the new black or something that reflects a change in trends and leads towards the arrival of this new brand. Any intelligent message that could appeal to the sense of style of the youth would be well accepted by the target audience.The advertisements and the billboard adverts need to be made expensive and they should give that look of class and style because these are the features that the product stands for. The dispersal of the product is also a way of marketing the product to the target audience. Where should the product be placed such that it attracts the desired consumers to make the sign p urchases first. Well, the most important thing would be to initially look at what is the strength of the current distribution network and can this current setup be effectively used to sell the product?These qustions mustiness be asked before the distribution strategy is finalised. Once the product has been delivered to the sites and stores it must be viewed and bought by the target market within a specific time frame. Keeping this as the short-term objective the retail firm can go for selling the product on its own stores which are in posh localities and buying spaces in malls which are visited by the style conscious urban elite. An important thing to understand here is that the product line must be adequately placed otherwise the image of the brand can be destroyed.

Cooking oil And Fuel for car use Essay Example for Free

Cooking petroleum And Fuel for car habit EssayIt is now commonly reported in the media news and conferences on climate, environmental degradation and global warming and m any of these c tout ensemble are pointing to the compounded nature of the environmental problems and the need for individuals and government to arise, proffer solution and rapidly intervene. The dodo fuels are the most polluting types of fuel to the environment. This is beca go for it is widely use and produced . F is the reaction in the combustion burn out that involves carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide (CO, CO2), both of which contribute a large share to the phenomenon of global warming. This phenomenon has the potential to addition the level of water in the seas, oceans and poles due to the melting of ice and thus the sinking of large areas of the continents. at that place are many alternatives to fossil fuels that plenty provide the energy necessary for human life much(prenominal) as solar energ y and hydrogen cells. However, all of these alternatives are either still under testing or expensive and this hinders their use in the present time. Anformer(a) alternative that can be used at the present time due to the fact that it is accessible to all is the biodiesel.The biodiesel is derived from edible oils used in household cooking and it is formerly regarded as unfit for human use. In restaurants where the owners spend a attracter of money to individuals who help them to get rid of these oil can now heave a respire of relieve in that they can now turn them into fuel suitable for the operation of motor vehicles, generators, motorcycles and any machine that utilizes internal combustion . The biodiesel (Biodiesel) is twice as clean as fossil diesel chemical substance composition has a smaller number of carbon atoms.Therefore, they produce less carbon exhaust, which is also the highest for the fixing diesel, and by this, the lifespan of the machine is hold backed and the bio diesel is conserved. Biodiesel is therefore safer than the unconstipated diesel. It burns at 167 while the regular diesel on the other hand burns at 70 Celsius. The modus operandi of biodiesel Introduction The basic belief in the production of biodiesel is from used oil preferably from soybean oil. However, in the absence of soyabeans, any other type of vegetable oils can be used depending on the chemical composition.In the oil molecules, a break in the interaction is initiated by addition of alcohol in the form of methanol or ethanol with the presence of a catalytic atomic number 11 hydrated oxide or potassium hydrated oxide from glycerin (as output or product of interaction) along with ethyl esters (biodiesel). Methods Purification The action of this interaction in several(prenominal) stages and they are 1)initial purification Since the oil used has already been used in cooking, then it contains a counterweight that must be disposed of before the beginning of interactio n and here a of silk oil passes through a large piece of primary filterFurthermore, it is heated by placing it on fire to pop the oil at a temperature between 60 -70 Celsius. 2) calculating the amount of the incentive The catalytic figure is usually used in calculating the measurement of sodium hydroxide and this is one of the most of the essence(predicate) steps of the process This is because any increase or decrease in the quantity of sodium hydroxide would increase the proportion of outside interaction (Glycerol) at the expense of the required product (biodiesel). Variables/materials needed to reason/obtain the amount of the incentive are-Methanol (these are at the centre of racing cars and can be found in stores that sell chemicals) Standard Boboli alcohol (Isopropyl Alcohol 99% IPA). -A scale is needed. -A measure of the acidulousness of the paper known as the PH obtained in some major pharmacies. -A standard pan. -Gloves and a protective(p) cover to the body. Calibr ation factor is the amount of catalytic heating oil during the fire where it is in interaction with a separate calibration of the oil as highlighted below Storage Mix 1 gram of sodium hydroxide with 100 million litre of water to obtain a solution of sodium hydroxide.Mix 1 billion litre of oil with 10 billion litre of alcohol Boboli. Qatar and the use of sodium hydroxide solution to fall on the oil and alcohol solution, and measure the acidity of the oil solution using paper (PH) . After the addition of every billion litre of sodium hydroxide solution, we will find that acidity has increased. This process continues until it reaches pH between 9-10, then count the number of litre of Millilitres of the signed dropper, and not litre. For example, 6 million litre and grams will be converted to 0.006 grams of sodium hydroxide per 1 million litre of oil or 6 grams per 1000 billion litres of oil. furnishing this to the 6 grams with 3. 5 grams taken as constant, a total of 9. 5 grams of so dium hydroxide per litre of oil is obtained. Add the calculated amount of sodium hydroxide in methanol to that of the whole interaction, away from oil, and half the quantity of methanol quantity of oil used the result of the interaction of sodium oxide and methanol (sodium methoxide). However, be close as this is a highly toxic chemical compound, and must be kept away from govern skin contact.It has the potential to destroy the nervous system and therefore one must take all feasible precautions in the conduct of this interaction. Confused Sodium oxide is added to methanol (sodium methoxide) and then to the oil through the prohibition of stirring and then, heating continued for an hour. Sedimentation and Sedimentation After the completion of heating, the composite is placed in the settling tank for 24 hours in which there is separation of glycerol from biodiesel based on the rule of density residuum.In order words, the more the dense glycerol deposit at the bottom and the stay p art settles at the top of the diesel. After the liquidation of reservoir sediments, there is separation to glycerol and diesel, and the difference can be seen easily through the density and viscosity, and if the difference is not obvious, the use of diesel is recommended in this case. To ensure that the use of diesel favoured, the density can be measured using hydrometer which is in stores that sell chemicals . Where reading between 0. 85 -0. 90 densities were not even, then Valdes is not fit for use.It can also be mixed with biodiesel fossil diesel by 40% to 60% which is vital if the fossil machine contains many parts of rubber. In conclusion, we have thus made a lot of benefits from the use of biodiesel. For instance, we have oil we use, and also we have the price of fuel reduced, and then we are able to maintain the machine, and diminish the emission of the environment. A diesel motor can also run on a fuel made from used and new vegetable oil called biodiesel (Microsoft Encarta, 2008) Reference El-Messidi, K (2007). Automobile Industry. Microsoft educatee 2008 DVD. Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation, 2007.

The various types of communication Essay Example for Free

The various types of conversation EssayTypes of parleyPeople communicate with each separate in a number of ways that depend upon the message and its context in which it is being sent. survival of communication channel and your style of communicating also affect communication. So, there is variety of types of communication. Types of communication found on the communication channels used are1. literal CommunicationVerbal communication refers to the the form of communication in which message is transmitted verbally communication is done by word of mouth and a piece of writing. Objective of every communication is to have hoi polloi understand what we are trying to convey. Verbal Communication is further divided into Oral CommunicationWritten Communication2.Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. We burn down say that communication other than oral and written, such as gesture, body language, posture, tone of articulate or facial expressions, is called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication is all to the highest degree the body language of speaker.Classification of nonverbal communication1)Body Language ( Kinesics)2)Touching ( Haptics)3)Personal Space and distance ( Proxemics)4)Use of Time (Chronemics)5)Tone of part (Paralanguage)6)Physical environment ( physical Context)KinesicsKinesics is the most often studies and important area of non verbal communication and refers to body movements of some(prenominal) kind. Different body movements can express inner states of emotion. The various body movements are Facial expressions, spirit Movements, Gestures, Head movements, Posture, Physical appearance HapticsHaptics refers to communication through touch. We can use touch to communication affection, assurance, familiarity, comfort, intellect and other emotions. Touching can be interpreted as an assault. Hence we must use tuch as a communication tool carefully. Touching is used for the foll owing purpose Working, Greeting, Establishing Friendships, Guiding, Managing interactions ProxemicsProxemics is derived from the word Proximity or closeness and is the communication term for personal space and distance. The space and distance which we choose to keep from people is also part of non verbal communication. Each of us has our own inner and outer circle, which differ for different people. The different types of spaces are as follows Intimate space, Personal Space, Social and public space, Fixed Space, Semi furbish up spaceChronemicsChronemics refers to the study of usage of time. This includes our attitudes towards punctuality and willingness to wait. It also deals with the manner in which we structure our tim and interactions. Perception of enormousness of time varies between individuals and cultures.ParalanguagePara means like or similar to , therefore paralinguistic communication means like language of all the forms of non verbal communication, paralanguage is close st to verbal communication. It refers to the tone of voice with which something is said. In other words, it is how something is said , and not what is said . the tone of voice includes the pitch ( high or low pitch), the pace ( slow or fast) the emphasis on words and the volume (soft or loud)and can convey different moods and emotions.Physical contextPhysical context refers to physical environment or milieu within which we communicate. This includes the following aspects Colour and layouts, Designs, Space Management, Location, Distance

Electronic Wastes Essay Example for Free

Electronic Wastes EssayE-Waste or Waste Of Electronic and galvanising Equipment has been cognise to contain more than 20 hazardous substances including lead, mercury and PCBs (Polychlorobiphenyls). In the recent successions e- chase amodal value has risen through the ranks of about harmful and destructive materials and has become the cause of worry for the entire world. With technology always a blink of an eye away there is always something swankier, better, and fancier than our salute monitor, mobile set, and television.Just sp atomic number 18 a thought to where all our discarded electronics go to and the mind goes boggling. Well, at the time of manuf flakeuring some precious metals as well as toxic materials atomic number 18 used to prep atomic number 18 most of the flashy gadgets that we use. While during recycling the precious metals are refurbished and reused, the toxic materials on the other hand worry lead, mercury and plastic are dis bewilderd or burnt. These substances when burned or disposed incorrectly throw in carcinogenic substances into air which have their own dire consequences.As e- burn out is presently concentrated in the everyday (unorganized) sector therefore it also results in occupational hazards and loss of resources due to inefficient processes. In Asia just millions of computers are disposed each month, and add to this some other micro electronics like tube hoys, electric bulbs, lightening equipments and the list grows quite fat and what percent of them are disposed properly to hasten complete recycling or in a way the environment, well, the numbers arent very encouraging.though there are certain plastics which basis be recycled up to eight times hardly they bear certain machineries to initiate the process and finish it neatly and completely. Those machineries are quite sophisticated and expensive and are mainly manufactured in china and Japan. Due to these blockages e-waste has become quite an important and at the akin time a problematic issue.E-waste as such is not hazardous waste per-se. However, the hazardous constituents present in the e-waste render it hazardous when such wastes are dismantled and processed, since it is except at this stage that they pose hazard to health and environment. Some important constituents of e-waste are accustomed below- ELECTRONIC ITEM CONSTITUENTS 1. Printed circuit wits accept and Cadmium 2. Cathode ray tubes Lead oxide and Cadmium3. Switches and flat screen monitors Mercury 4. Computer batteries Cadmium 5. Capacitors and transformers Poly-chlorinated-bi-phenyls 6. cable television service insulation/coating Poly vinyl chloride 7. Plastic casings cable Retardant (Source Power Systems By J. B. Gupta) Most of the constituents state in the above list are non-recyclable but through efficient use of technology they can be reused up to a certain extent.In todays hi-tech world single cant really alienate himself to the latest technology especially i n the field of electronics and as it is said, that todays world is moving at a supersonic speed and if you cant update yourself to its demands then it is bound to leave you light years away, and also one cant shy away from the fact that if the waste recycling system works at its present pace then the entire world might soon have to face the fierce fury of the flummox nature.Though e-waste recycling is expected to rapidly change with formal recyclers setting up operations but a raft of work needs to be done at the ground level. Recycling operations should engage in dismantling, sale of dismantled parts, valuable resource recovery and export of processed waste for precious metal recovery to countries like Japan and China.But one thing that must be kept in mind during recycling is that the main work is to be done during processing as e-waste is distinct as it is an end of consumption waste maculation hazardous waste results from a conflicting industrial process. The e-waste chain is rather complex as it involves multiple players-producers, distributors, retailers, end consumers, collection system and recyclers while hazardous waste chain involves only the occupier/generator and the operator.From the word operator I hazily remember a story I heard in high school about an e-junkyard proprietor and a brain operational head of an electronics company who handled recycled components department. The owner and the chief had met through an old impropriety and had kept in touch following their common interests in cricket and chess. The owner was well known in his circle for his sharpness of repartee and tricky common sense something which the chief was unaware of. erstwhile while playing chess with the chief the owner commented that the sales have nose-dived in the recent times due to less number of people now opting for recycling their e-wastes. The chief in turn replied that since he and the owner were good friends so he could help him bag some subscribe tos fro m his company to recycle the e-waste if only he could beat him at the game of chess. The owner obliged but put forward a small-scale demand that was to be completed if he won.There were no surprises when the owner won but after the game when the chief came to terms with the gravity of the loss he almost fainted. The so called small demand of the owner spilled like hot volcano magma on the face of the chief. The demand was as follows The owner agreed to play the game of chess but only on one condition that the contract with the company should include a clause indicating the number of e-wastes he would acquire to recycle and then he devised a method to calculate the thus required number.This method involved a chess board on which the number of e-wastes that should be given to him were to be counted. He demanded that firstly he be given only two e-components to be placed on the first square of the chess board. The second lot was to be placed on the second square and the number of e-co mponents he be given, doubled.Therefore on each subsequent square of the chess board the number doubled and at the half way mark the number of e-components reached an astonishingly high figure of fifty million. Fifty million and still counting, the chief has till date not been able to pay for the contracts he had promised to the owner in a light mood. So, what we conclude from above is that theres no need to panic even in the defeat of times.Even if we start investing in e-recycling today we can leave a better future tense for our coming generations. Also, the governments around the world must ensure that their industries adhere to e-waste (Management and Handling) rules under the environment protection act and put in place an effective mechanism to regulate the generation, collection, storage, transportation, import, export, environmentally sound recycling, treatment and inclination of e-waste.This includes refurbishment, collection system and producer responsibility thereby red ucing the wastes destined for final disposal. The different e-waste fractions are processed to directly useable components and to secondary raw materials in a variety of refining and teach processes. Solid waste is deposited in a municipal landfill.Systematic gas and water collecting systems are not installed hence significant emissions to water and air are caused. The site is crowded with informationrmal waste pickers.Works CitedTheraja, B. L. Electrical Technology Volume II. Gupta, J. B. Electronic Devices And Circuits , Katson Books. Gupta, J. B. Power Systems , Katson Books. Technologies Applied in New Delhi. http//ewasteguide. info/technologies_applied_in_new_delh

Chemistry of Chocolate Essay Example for Free

Chemistry of Chocolate EssayChocolate is made from the cacao tree bean. According to Rodney Lipson, cacao tree has been a cultivated crop for at least three thousand geezerhood, in all likelihood quite a bit more. The raft who first utilized Cacao were the inhabitants of what is now Venezuela (Lipson) This group of people would up to nowtually spread the cacao bean in northwestern South America. Cacao was clearly extremely valued by these people and they spread it northward finished trade with their neighbors. It was probably the Maya, over 1500 years ago, who brought Cacao to Yucatan in what is now Mexico. The Aztecs who got Cacao from the Maya, employ Cacao in a number of ways, ane common way was as a bitter spice in food and possibly alike as a base for pasta or bread, but the to the highest degree well-known way that Cacao was as a drink. While the Maya drank Chocolate hot, the Aztecs seem to slang often taken it cold. The Aztecs called the drink, and app atomic n umber 18ntly the bean as well, Xocoatl. From this word comes the pan-European word Chocolate. When Europeans first made contact with the Aztec civilization, Cacao was being cultivated and apply extensively.The Spanish Conquistadors quickly noticed the benefits of Chocolate and used it to keep their armies marching long distances with little food. From the Aztecs the Spanish took it to Europe. Chocolate was widely used in Catholic countries after 1569 when Pope Pius V declared that Chocolate, the drink, did not break the fast, despite the hearty nutritional aspects of Chocolate (Lipson). Chocolate continued to be moved from rustic to country through trade and exploration.Soon burnt umber found its way into America, and according to Lipson, In 1900 Milton Snavely Hershey, a Mennonite from Pennsylvania, began producing milk-chocolate bars and kisses with great success. He was anti-alcohol and saw Chocolate as a good, profitable alternative. His empire grew even larger during World W ar I, when Milton Hershey encouraged the US Army to add four Hershey bars to from severally one soldiers daily ration (Lipson). Because of Hershey, chocolate was now affordable for everyone, and his methods of making chocolate are still used today.Peters chocolate tells us that chocolate is made by, storing the cacao beans in silos or warehouse. These room are well aired, kept at cool temperature and the humidity regularly checked. Before the production stage, the beans are sorted and cleaned. Cocoa does not acquire the richness of its color and the fullness of its flavor until it is roasted. The degree of fretfulness given to this operation has considerable influence on the ultimate quality of the end product any cocoa powder or chocolate.When roasting is complete, the beans are cooled and their thin shells removed by a sift implement. The husked and winnowed beans are called nibs. Heres where the first secrets of the chocolate manufacturer come in. The nibs are blended, co mbining as many as eight to ten varieties. It is control of these subtle intermixturetures that maintains a constant quality and brings out the flavor of each particular variety of chocolate. The roasted and winnowed nibs then pass through refining mills and are ground.The fondness generated by grinding causes the cocoa butter or fat to melt and form a fine paste or liquid known as chocolate liquor. This goes to large hydraulic presses which remove most of the cocoa butter. The cake which is left may eventually be made into cocoa powder. The cake goes through several processes in which it is crushed, milled and finely sifted. After the cocoa paste, cocoa butter, milk, sugar and additional flavorings have been carefully weighed out in accordance with the recipe, they go into a mixer where rotating, kneading arms thoroughly mix all the ingredients.The result is a homogeneous, paste-like mixture which is already pleasant to taste, but still feels gritty to the palate. The chocolate is put in a conching machine. While in the machine, the chocolate turns over in the conching machine, a controlled inwardness of air ventilates the mass, allowing the full aroma and flavor to develop. The still-warm conched chocolate is placed in a tempering machine so that it can be slowly and steadily cooled. The tempering prevents separation in the chocolate when its modify into bar molds and hardens (Peters). This results in the average chocolate bar.

Ethics Dilemma Paper Essay Example for Free

Ethics plight Paper EssayETHICS DILEMMA PAPEROne of the most difficult things in the vicious justice field is related to ethics in the criminal justice profession. Whether it being a corrections officer, police officer, or a judge. The main goal is to ensure you as a professional be making the remedy decision for the greater good and that it falls within the guidelines that are set in the beginning you in the laws that occupy been written. In the recent plight that occurred in Broward County on February 19, 2014 is an example of an ethics predicament in the criminal justice field that happens much too often. I will explain to you the genius of the dilemma, the ethical/unethical decision that was made, the outcome of the situation, and suggest some alternative courses of military actions that could film taken house instead and why.NATURE OF THE DILEMMAOn February 19, 2014 a Broward County Sheriffs deputy of 20 plus years on the force conducted a traffic stop of a vehi cle traveling unlawfully in the HOV (High line of work Vehicle) lane. Once the deputy had the vehicle stopped he was informed by the woman in the drivers canful that she was recording him conducting the traffic stop. Once the sheriffs deputy gained knowledge ofthis he proceeded to force his way into the womans vehicle laborious to grab her phone, then pulling her out of the vehicle and dragging her onto the ground ca exploitation injuries in some(prenominal) places as another deputy stood by with his gun drawn. All the while this was going on he continued to yell at her stating she was committing a felony and telling her I know the law better than you , and placing her beneath arrest. The ethical dilemma this situation brings forward is was the actions taken by this deputy really necessary and confirm on an ethical basis? (Miller, 2014).ETHICAL DECISION MADEIn this particular situation an unethical decision was made based on the circumstances of the incident at hand. The deput y was committing a villainy (felony) himself by unlawfully forcing his way into her vehicle, and detaining her against her will for a crime she did not commit. All for a candid civil infraction (driving in an HOV lane), that could have been handled in a totally different and professional manner. This was the sole(prenominal) law the woman was breaking at the time, and the only probable cause the deputy had to go on for the actions that he took.OUTCOME OF THE SITUATIONOnce the dust settled upon this unfortunate situation, the deputy assumed and concept that the woman was breaking the law by recording the audio and video of the deputy. He assumed that he had to give the woman permission to audio record him. Unfortunately to his disadvantage the Florida courts ruled upholding a outlook of privacy provision (Silverman, 2012) to their all-party law, which the courts ruled does not apply to on-duty police (or anyone in public), as long as you are not interfering with them in conduct ing their duty. In this particular case the deputy appeared to be unschooled in this revision to the law that the law enforcement agency clearly neglected to educate its department on. preference COURSES OF ACTION/ WHYAccording to the situation at hand some of the alternative courses of actions that the deputy could have taken and the woman that was being stopped could have been drastically different. Ethically speaking the deputy could have not taken his actions to the extreme that he did all over the simple recording violation that he thought the woman was committing. His life was not in danger nor was there any indication of any physical threat coming from the woman. The deputy totally handled that situation in a very amateurish and unethical manner.On the other hand the woman could have easily been justify in using deadly force on the deputy if he was not a law enforcement officer. She would have been justified well within the guidelines of Floridas Justifiable Use of Force la w considering he unlawfully forced his into her simple machine and violently dragged her out. Fortunately for him he was a law enforcement officer or he could have been killed.another(prenominal) course of action for the sheriffs deputy and the department could have been to properly educate themselves and their officers of the most current laws regarding these types of situations. In addition to making sure each and every deputy gets a refresher course on the necessary use of force procedures every few years.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion of this ethical dilemma situation, what I can draw from this is several things. One being always treat people in a way I would like to be treated unless circumstances dictate otherwise it is the right and ethical action to take. Sometimes we just do not get that luxury of doing such an action when dealing with certain types of people and situations and yes certain actions are necessary. Always take the time to educate yourself on certain laws or informat ion you are not sure of before acting on what you moot may be correct. Just like the famous saying, Ignorance of the law is not an excuse, and this is very true precisely it does go both ways for law enforcement and the public.ReferencesMiller, C. (2014). Photography is not a crime. Retrieved from http//photographyisnotacrime.com/2014/02/19/broward-sheriffs-deputy-violently-attacks-woman-recording-traffic-stop/Silverman, S. (2012). Reason.com let loose minds and free markets. Retrieved from http//reason.com/archives/2012/04/05/7-rules-for-recording-police

A Critique on the Blank Slate Essay Example for Free

A Critique on the white-hot Slate EssayThere argon three doctrines which micturate attained sacred status in modern intellectual life. The Blank Slate, a loose translation of the medieval Latin term tabula rasa, scraped tablet, usu in ally attributed to John Locke which delves into the opposing of political status quos and social arrangements, stating mainly that the mind is like a rag week of white paper void of all characters and ideas, furnished with words through experience it denounced the differences seen among races, including the institution of bondage as slaves could no longer be thought of as innately inferior, ethnic groups, sexes and individuals for the differences devolve non from the innate constitution but from the differences in the experiences. It is indeed fitting to think of the mind that way as the mind is like a blank sheet of paper filled only through experience. til now it is safe to say that non only experience that can fill it but in any case p reconceptions and expectations of the society. other doctrine is The master Savage, commonly attributed to philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, inspired by the European colonists discovery of the indigenous in the refreshed World it stated the belief that savages were solitary, without ties of love or loyalty and without any industry or art. It too captures the belief that hu valet de chambres in their natural state are selfless, peaceable and untroubled and that negative emotions such(prenominal) as greed and jealousy are products of civilization, a concept which debased Thomas Hobbes belief that man is naturally cruel and requires a regular system of police to be resolved. Looking at it from a personal angle, I would say that I quite agree with Hobbes only on one facet man is naturally cruel if he isnt, then how is it that our history has been tainted with the blood of millions of pot who shed died because of a single man who could not rein his malice, i.e. Hitler. Even in our everyday life, we manage to walk out upon other people our evil nature, tear down if in a simple way.But that does not symbolize that we need to surrender our lives to leviathan control for I believe that we can change our nature, no matter how further back we may seem. As the last doctrine states, we are not merely machines with gears and springs, we are our minds and and then we have the ability to think and choose our own decisions. The last doctrine, attributed to Rene Descartes, is perhaps the to the highest degree ingenious of all The Ghost in the Machine. Our mind exists because we know how to think and the very act of doing so proves it. Our bodies existence yet may be doubted for we may simply be immaterial spirits who merely daydream that we are incarnate. Add to that a moral bonus the belief that the mind is a different kind of issue from the body. And what curbs it truly intriguing is the fact that philosophers argue as to when the ghost enters the body, during t he start of the fertilization when the sperm cubicle fertilizes the egg cell and creates the zygote or when it has become a fetus ready to be borne into the world. for certain it is an argument comparable to the question, Which came first, the chicken or the egg? Philosophically answering the question would pertain to some other question, what is meant by came first? as all philosophical questions go. These doctrines have so shaped the world that it has left hand fingerprints, from Walt Disney to the former president of the United States, George W. Bush. And even for a simple student like me who has recently come across the subject, I can say that I have already thought of such concepts even without reading it before, or at least I have thought about the idea of the Noble Savage and the Blank Slate. Yet as I read the concept of the Ghost in the Machine, I was very much in awe for I have never, in my whole sixteen days of existence, thought of such a thing. And what really appeal s to me is the fact that Descartes claims that we are our minds and that our body may merely be an image we have formed as immaterial beings.Even Buddha thought so, stating that We are shaped by our thoughts we become what we think I have long doubted the ideas of ghosts and reading of such a concept, especially in a subject such as this, makes me wonder how the philosopher conceived such an idea. Thinking of it gives me shivers as it implies that we are beings furthest greater than we imagined. And as good as it may heavy(a), I think it appeals to mans selfish nature we as humans who have done things, good and evil, try to look for a sound explanation to ease our consciences.I cannot say that the idea does not appeal to me yet I cannot also say that I do agree with it on the other hand, of the three doctrines, I agree the most with the doctrine of The Noble Savage. I do believe that in our true nature, we are savages but that does not mean that we did not know how to control our selves indeed it would seem that the Native Americans, the specific race of people that the Europeans based the doctrine of The Noble Savage on, had a better society than we did they were less barbaric, no interlocking problems and substance abuse, even crime was nearly nonexistent.And even if there were hard times, life was definitely still and predictable. And yet that in itself was the modestness why man chose to come out of his savage nature he wanted adventure, twist and turns in his life he wanted to feel the thrill of living. There is nil wrong with that but for every choice there is a price to pay and the price we paid was high even if it remains to be seen whether it was worth it or not. However that is not enough reason to turn over our free will to an autonomous control doing so would merely undermine the choices we have made for our civilization. Besides, our lives are meant to be lived fully and whatever choices we make, we must stand by it and see it to the end.Ou r mind, no matter how it started or whatever way it really is, is a tool for us to live our lives as we see fit. We must learn to harness our true potential to make sure that whatever choices we make would produce positive ripples that would be felt in the distant future to help the coming generations. As Plutarch said, The mind is not a vessel to be filled but a fire to be kindled.

Exporting and the Export Contract Translation Into Vietnamese Essay Example for Free

Exporting and the Export Contract Translation Into Vietnamese EssayThe first yard is that the contract contains and covers all the terms which the two parties have come to the obligation. This means that any external put down has to be expressly incorporated into the contract. Besides, This is to stay any ambiguity about the status of any introductory accordances or understandings. Both parties shall only base on the contract to perform their obligations. The last point is to prevent any disagreements and dispute arsing from the difference between the previous drafts and the contract so that the contract can be immediately executed for both parties sakes ?A contract normally includes wording the following elements An entire agreement statement a statement in the contract that the parties agree that the terms of the contract between them atomic number 18 to be found within the text of the contract document and nowhere else. All entire agreement clauses include this element An exclusion of liability for mis way most entire agreement clauses include unitary or more of the following An acknowledgment by the parties that they have not relied on any representation which is not set out in the contract A statement excluding liability for misrepresentation

Cultural Characteristics of India Essay Example for Free

Cultural Characteristics of India EssayWith more than half of the workforce being in agri elaboration, services heretofore, is the biggest impart factor the economic return in India. The information technology (IT) sector is where most of the growth is fetching place. Many companies in the United States argon beginning to come insource their help desk and programming specialties to India where the labor is cheaper and in that location be an abundance of qualified singles. In-fact humankindy of the positions you becharm in IT are filled by heap native to India simply because training for these specialties is limited in the U. S. For example, if you were looking to hire an Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL) developer it is highly unconvincing that you will find a U. S. citizen with these skill sets, and if you did the U. S. candidate would certainly be demanding more money. Indias top executive to train highly qualified IT professionals and capacity to provide cheaper labor will continue to contribute to their profit in economic growth. Ultimately, it is those cultural characteristics we have discussed in class that has led India to so much growth everyplace the last decade.They are a collectivist society, with a large indicator distance and a incompatible set of value orientations from our get. Higher education is of upmost importance, and often times, much more outstanding than interpersonal relationships. This is evident of the fact that they place so much importance on ones education and its correlation to family status when selecting a bride/ coif in an arranged marriage. India is considered a large power distance burnish because there is a clear hierarchy at bottom the family, the father rules authoritatively, followed by the eldest son and moving down the ladder by age and sex (Neuliep, 2009. 9). Within the Indian agriculture the children are expected to be obedient and numerous Indian children feel that their parents really fall apartt understand what it is like to grow up in todays diverse society. Indian parents unendingly expect their children to go to the right schools, only converse with mint who share the analogous cultural backgrounds and to adopt within their own race and religion. There are many divers(prenominal) religions in India which include Muslim, Hindu, Christian and Sikh. In India, even though you may share the same ethnicity if you do not share the same religious beliefs, marriage is forbidden.In my research I have come across a super C theme within the Indian culture, and that is that Indian parents love to gossip about everything they continuously discuss who got into what school, and who is getting married to whom. Its not to say that Indian parents dont insufficiency whats best for their children because they do. In the article Indian Parents and Societal Pressure the author Arti Nehru states, The really heavyhearted part about all of this is that parents truly want thei r children to be happy. But they are unsupportive in many instances because they worry about ne thing What will peck say? The Indian culture is more of a collectivist culture who has the tendency to stress the importance of a grouping over the importance of the individual. Neuliep confirms that, In collectivist cultures, people are not seen as isolated individuals. People see themselves as interdependent with others their (e. g. , their ingroup), where responsibility is shared and accountability is collective. A persons identity is defined by his or her group memberships (Neuliep, 2009. Pg. 41).Most of their values come from their traditional beliefs, their religious devotion and their layperson ghostlyity. It is these value orientations that shape the way the Indian culture communicates with individuals in their own culture as surface as with individuals outside of their culture. Values can affect the way people communicate within their own culture and with people of differe nt cultures. They are evaluative beliefs that synthesize affective and cognitive elements to orient people to the world in which they live (Mooney, 2001, 2828).The value orientation model is used to compare high-context cultures such as the Indian collectivist culture with low-context individualistic cultures such as the United States. It can be small down into six different categories self, family, society, human nature, nature, and supernatural. In a collectivist culture such as the Indian culture self refers to how one may view themselves in relationship to others, and can gain ground be illogical down into three different sub-categories self-identity, age, and activity. In India self-identity would suggest that people value accordance of rights and cooperation.In India people are interdependent with others, and for them, responsibility and accountability are shared and divided among the group members. (Neulip, 2009, 63-64). Age for a collectivist, high-context culture is ad mired when they are old and conversely, in an individualistic, low-context culture, age is admired when they are young. In a collectivist culture like India the people tend be very spiritual and believe that people should embrace life. The activity one performs on a daily basis is of slight importance in a country like India. Whereas in the United States, activity ften refers to how people report themselves through their activities such as their professions and occupations. Often times when Americans are asked who they are, they will answer with what they do for a living indicating that they tend to associate who they are, with what they do. Family within a collectivist culture such as India tends to be more authoritative in nature. The head of the household will make the decisions rather than having everyone work in concert as a democracy when making decisions. In India, families are less mobile, and will always feat to sit down together when eating dinner.There is often a stric t hierarchy that is followed among family members with the man of the house being at the top. The men and women in Indian families have very different roles within the family, which coincide with ones hierarchal power. The male of the house makes the decisions, provides for the family and the women often times make the meals at night and take care of the children. In Indi,a family is a very important concept and marriage is considered to be sacred and is meant to last a life time. The term society in India can be broken down into two categories social reciprocity and group membership.According to Neuliep social reciprocity refers to the mutual exchanges people make in their dealings with others (65). In collectivist cultures like India, if one asks another for a estimate it is expected that an equal exchange of favors will occur. In India, group membership is often a permeant formality they have a tendency to join only a few different groups over a life-time. In the United States membership in a group is usually short lived, whereas in India people are highly selective and group membership is usually a prolonged commitment.This conceit of a prolonged commitment to a group stems from those same cultural values that marriage does. In India, they practice arranged marriages and it is considered a lifelong commitment that is viewed as sacred. What may seem strange to the jejuneness in the United States is actually embraced by youth in India. Many children in India feel that it gives them the ability to focus on their youth, and their education without the distraction or worry that an adolescence relationship can bring to the picture.It is too said that the youth in India feel secure in their parents ability to adopt an acceptable partner for them, trusting that their parents have enough experience and knowledge to do so without creating a disastrous situation (Galt, 2011, 2). Many cultures like India believe that when marriages are not pre-arranged they tend to burn out too quickly. They believe it is because the two people have already gotten to know each other, rather than expending a life-time together after marriage getting to know each other. Marrying a person you dont know gives one a lifetime to learn to love them, as opposed to the American ideal of learning a person inside and out before entering into marriage (Galt, 2011, 3). In the United States, many believe that the idea of an arranged marriage is something that is forced upon the two getting married. This however isnt true, in India before a marriage can become official the bride and groom are afforded the opportunity to meet each other to decide if they would like to go forward with the marriage.You might be surprised to hear that any rejection to a proposed marriage rarely occurs, and more often than not the proposed bride and groom will go through with the wedding as planned. This is because the parents of the bride and groom do their due-diligence and will often time s spend years looking for a suitable bride or groom. They spend countless hours meeting with the families and friends, considering hundreds of different aspects and comparison points before the potential bride and groom ever meet each other (Galt, 2011, 6).In many ways the Indian culture is different than our own, we have the tendency to be more of an individualistic culture while they tend be more collectivist. We are considered a low-context culture, while India is considered a high-context culture. We value or independence and look out for our own self-interests over that of the group. In India, they value the group over the individual and believe that if one fails, they all fail. Even though we may differ culturally we are hush up similar in many ways, the biggest being our level of diversity we are both comprised of many different values, ethnicities, and religious beliefs.

Paul Hindemith Sonata For Flute And Piano Film Studies Essay

Paul Hindemith Sonata For Flute And Piano Film Studies endeavorJ.S.Bach Sonata in G minor, for flute and obbligato harpsichord. In a famous remark close J.S.Bach, van Beethoven said he should be named Sea instead of Bach, because of his infinite, inexhaustible wealth in tone combinations and harmonies. These virtues argon also deployed in his flute sonatas, each with a unique melodic contour and character. Bach was oftentimes criticized for being abstruse and redundantly complex, exclusively he was able to prove through his work that he was, and would remain, a great pioneer. The special importance of his chamber music, in which he demonstrated a deep intimacy of the typical idioms and performing techniques of each instrument, was recognized at a very early age.Bach is principally described as a rather austere personality, but that may be the result of a lack of information complementing his character, deemed unfitting for archival storage.The first use of the transverse flute in Bachs work was in Cantata no 137a, per make in 1722, in Cthen for the birthday of Prince Leopold, with whom Bach kept up(p) very good relations. Many significant works, such as the first book of the well-tempered Clavier, cello suites and believably some of the flute sonatas (they are dated between 1720 and 1741), were also composed during the time he pass there, exploiting the qualities and extended experience attained at the Weimar court.It was a period when the transverse flute, technically more advanced, began gaining setting against its rival, the recorder, and when J.Quantz started making it widely famous. The flutists of that era seemed to manifest a particular dexterity, equivalent to that, required not whole in the flute sonatas, but also in other flute move of many of the composers works, such as the cantatas and passions. In one of Bachs biographies, published in 1802, by Forkel, the latter states that the flute sonatas even in our dayswould be heard by connois seurs with pleasure.This particular work raises a controversial issue about its paternity. Bachs liberty regarding the member started to require questioned during the third decade of the 20th century. Scholars expressed certainty that Bachs son, Carl Phillip Emmanuel, is the composer of this sonata (the dominant consensus today), but until today, no assumption has been unquestionably proved and no explanation has been given as to why an aim composer like C.P.Emanuel would attribute this work to his father without any plausible reason. A recent study, by Keiichi Kubota, speculates that the g minor sonata is the result of a collaborative work between Bach and his son (the latter ascribing authority to his father).The sonata is played today by both violinists and flutists, as it is believed that the piece may beat been written initially for violin, as supported in many published articles. Its form is that of the Italian concerto, lively-slow-lively, which reminds the listener of t he significant work on of Vivaldi and Italian music to Bach.G.Faur Fantaisie pour flute et piano, op. 79Flute has al focal points been associated with France, a relation that is heavily built upon the particular interest of French composers and agents in this technically developed instrument, especially around the period of play of the 19th century. Paris stood in the forefront of musical processes at the time, and served as an incubator for new composers and performers, who formed the new trends.Gabriel Faur, a composer, organist, pianist, choirmaster and teacher, is one of the most important French figures of the turn of the 20th century, characterized by Debussy as the master of charms. He was fortunate enough to be a student and later hotshot of Saint-Sans, at the Ecole Niedermeyer, where he was sent, after(prenominal) his father realized the unique talent of his son.His style, multi-faceted and resourceful, continued to evolve until the composers death, in 1924. For that reason, putting labels on Faurs music can never be precise. His artistic hallmark is regarded as the bridge between Romanticism and Modernism and at the time of his death the sulphur Viennese drill was beginning to emerge. He was always self-critical (to the extent of discarding some of his already composed work) and pursued unremitting productiveness. His benevolent and melodic creativeness paved the road for new musical trends and made his style an inextricable constituent of future teaching of harmony and composition.Faur composed the Fantaisie for flute and piano, in 1898, upon a commission from his friend and colleague, P.Taffanel, who was a professor at the Conservatoire of Paris, and to whom the piece is sanctified (later Faur would be appointed director of the Conservatoire). This piece was to be used for the annual introductory exams (Concours). Faur, being among the first composers to be commissioned for the morceau de concours, confessed to Saint-Sans in a letter, th at this piece constituted a real challenge for him. He sent it to Taffanel asking him to amend any parts that were not appropriate for the flute. Faur incorporated the Andante of the Fantaisie to his incidental music, performed in London for the Maeterlinks play, Pellas et Mlisande.This piece, which is dedicated to Taffanel, sets out to explore flutes amply potential, by extending to all three registers, covering all of the Romantic instruments range. The performer is required to demonstrate wealth and diversity in his expression and sound, in his effort to trace the develop melody. Observation of the piano part reveals the prominence of the instrument in Faurs mentality. It is perceived not just as an accompanying instrument, but rather as an equal partner, contributing to the melodic and rhythmic discipline of the piece. Together with the flute they make use of an extensive expressional quiver, alternating staccatos with long legato phrases, as after a sicilienne-like introduc tion, an change magnitude complexity in the instruments parts is combined with sudden dynamic changes.Fantasia also exists in an orchestral version. This was realized later, after the composer death, by Louis Aubert, in 1957, at the request of the crowing French flutist, blue jean Pierre Rampal.Paul Hindemith sonata for flute and piano (1936)In Hindemiths opera Mathis der Mahler, Grnewald, a painter, realizes that he should never have betrayed his art for the sake of political activism. Hindemith though, never betrayed his versatile artistic personality and established a prominent career both as a performer and composer, demonstrating a manifold expressiveness. He aspired to create a new mentality in music, but not as an end in itself. The term Gebrauchsmusik (functional music) refers to his imprint for music, which should be created to serve a purpose, because the days of composing only for the sake of composing were perhaps at rest(p) forever. By drawing on multiple styles an d forms he explored all aspects of resourcefulness and complexity.His activity was not curtail only to the production of music, but he also took up a dynamic role as a tutor which is colligated with his series of simple works for children and amateurs. His theoretical treatise Unterweisung im Tonsatz, sets the basis for a new climax towards harmony and melodic shaping and the views expressed would influence the next generations of composers.Hindemith lived in an era of political ferment and his revolutionary style could not have evaded Nazis attention, who deemed his music as Gbbels put it pure noise-making. Although Hindemith was rude enough to ignore (at the beginning at least) the Nazi threat, his sonata for flute and piano, composed in 1936, has incorporated this aspect, pliable a work that alludes to this sinister political environment and asserting the composers belief that an artist cannot remain untouched by the human suffering around him.The flute sonata was compose d at a time of an increasing awareness by Hindemith of the looming danger and the subsequent need to flee his country. His emotional disposition is adumbrated in the second movement which conveys a suffering through its recitativo-like melody of the flute. One cannot fail to notice the fine derision emanating from the sonatas strict rhythmic form which dissolves into a childish-like melody, projecting the image of a child imitating a soldiers march. Hindemith, seek to capture the vanity of human arrogance in conjunction with the suffering and desperation.The flutist is required to bow a wide palette of colors and emotions, from triumphant marches to bleak moments of agony and melancholy, by extending to the full range of the instrument. The piano has an emancipated part in the sonata and continuously moves in a contrapuntal way against the flute, hence sometimes its preferred with its lid open.The boundaries between minor and major chords and atonal parts become blurred, much as the boundaries between life and death at the time of the composition, the death which Hindemith eluded only by chance in multiple occasions.

The positives and negatives of Formal and Informal Assessments

The positives and negatives of ceremonial and Informal AssessmentsFormal and informal assessments atomic number 18 2 specific procedures that teachers use to evaluate and grade their students. both(prenominal) formal and informal formative assessments involve gathering, interpreting, and acting on information (Ruiz-Primo Furtak,2004, p. 4). Formal assessments are order exams utilise by a state to reflect on particular grade level to measuring rod a students academicianian abilities. These exams are administered in the same way every time with a time restriction and instructions to how the exam should be graded. In contrast, informal assessments are exams or activities designed to particularly review or analyze students friendship on a certain academic subject taught by their teacher. I allow for be discussing the advantage and disadvantage for two different forms of formal assessment and quaternary types of informal assessments methods.The two formal assessments are no rm-referenced and criterion-referenced. Norm-referenced are standardized bear witnesss and are linked to inter man-to-man differences (Gargiulo, 2008, p.65). This test compares the students skill to other students in the similar age group. Statistical method is used to qualify how the student did. For example low gear grade students were tested and the outcome is used in a statistical method. You would be satisfactory to see how each student ranked. For example, Jon bring ind at the 50th percentile among his class.There are advantages and disadvantages in using norm referenced testing. One advantage to this method is it can determine whether a student whitethorn need special services. For example, if the student scores less than standard norm for reading, they pull up stakes receive special services to aid them in this subject. other advantage to this method is it allows parents to see how their childs academic results are compared to their peers. For example, Julie performs at 86 percentile in her class. This means that Julie performed better than 86% from her classmates. As at that place are advantages, there are disadvantages. One disadvantage to this method is it rests of broad academic information and whitethorn not consist of flow classroom content. another(prenominal) disadvantage is it does not fully capture a students academic abilities on problem solving, decision making, social skills, nor their ability elaborate on certain topic.In contrast, Criterion-referenced tests are associated with intra individual differences and can exit data that is useful for instructional planning (Gargiulo, 2008, p.66). For example, a math problem is given to a student to see if the student is able to add two name numbers. The outcome is strictly based on whether the student did or did not execute the problem correctly. The first advantage to this test is it can compare a students individual performance from their previous star. For example, Aprils curr ent test indicated her reading skills have improved from last quarter. Aprils results are not compared to how well she did among her classmates instead it compares to her individual progress. Another advantage to this test it can attend to a teacher to figure out each students academic strengths and weakness. A teacher can guide and assign additional help in the areas where students need improvement. The crepuscle to this method is it cannot compare student academic performance to other schools or districts. For example, a teacher will not be able to compare her students success to other classes nor to other schools. Another disadvantage is creating a valid exam for students. Designing an exam call for to meet specific standards plus its time consume for teachers to consummation around their daily responsibilities.The following are the four types of informal assessments that can be used in a classroom which are an essay exam, a classroom patch, walk around method, and a multip le woof exam.The first informal assessment is an essay exam. Essay exams are questions based on a certain lesson or topic where a student needs to provide a pen answer. Depending on the exam instructions students whitethorn only need to write a couple of paragraphs or several pages in length. The following are two advantages in using an essay exam to test students. First, students have the opportunity to express their thoughts and bear witness their level of comprehension on a certain question. The hour advantage, students begin to construct and analyze how to answer each question. For example, the instruction on the essay says to please excuse the difference between a mammal and an amphibian. The student first needs to analyze the differences between the two species and then construct examples to elaborate on the question. An issue does represent itself this type of method is time consuming for both the student and teacher. The students need plenty of time to answer and write an essay and the teacher needs time to evaluate and grade each paper. The second disadvantage, teachers must be certified of their biases when writing a question where students need to agree or disagree on a certain topic. This disadvantage may get in the way of marking papers accurately. A teacher needs to be aware of their bias and base their grading on the students response not if they agree or disagree with their student.Another informal way to evaluate a students progress is a classroom crippled. A Classroom game creates an opportunity for students to apply their knowledge and encourages them to learn. For example, the class is divided into four groups to run into a game of Jeopardy. The game of Jeopardy consists of questions on a certain academic subject. An advantage to this method is it promotes cooperative teaching. Students are learning how to interact, collaborate, and work together with their peers to answer questions. Working together provides positive reinforceme nts for students to develop social skills and trust among their squad members. Another advantage it motivates students to apply their own knowledge and retain new information as they play the game. A game will keep students alert and encourages participation which will lead to learning. Since students are divided into groups not every student is participating or collaborating on every question and this is downfall to this method. steady though each student has an opportunity to answer a question, the group is judged as a all in all not the individual knowledge to every question but the ones they answer. Another disadvantage to this method does not provide enough feedback to a teacher to determine which students needs additional assistance in grinding the current subject.The third informal assessment is the walk-around. This assessment requires the teacher to interact with each student as they work together as a group or individually. The teacher is actively observing and assisti ng students to stay on task. The advantage to this method it allows the teacher to interact with students individually or as a group to answer any concerns or assist them in understanding their assignment. The second advantage is the one on one gathering. The teacher uses the one on one conference to talk to the students for five or ten minutes. This conference offers attention, and additional help in instructions for students(Cole,1999,p.4). This type of interaction builds trust and improves the communication between teacher and student. A downside to walk around assessment is giving each student or groups the same do of time to answer questions or concerns. Since every student or groups have different questions, some(a) may need additional assistance than others. This may cause some behavior issues or delay some students in completing their assignment. Another issue is making sure every student understands the material or contributing their work to their group. The teacher needs to give every student an opportunity to talk and demonstrate they understand the assignment.Lastly, the multiple-choice test is another assessment used in a classroom. Multiple choice tests consist of questions and a list of possible answers for each question. An upside to this method students begin to access their knowledge and apply it to every question by eliminating misleading choices. This method is also an advantage for teachers as well. The grading is less time consuming than other methods and easier to narrow down where the students are having difficulties. A disadvantage for students is it may cause them some confusion or frustration when the exams are poorly written. Poor written exams consist of tricky options to choose from, for instance having two possible answers. The second disadvantage for students is not being able to understand a question. This may lead the students to guess on answers they are not able to comprehend due to reading difficulties or a poor written e xam. This may lead to inappropriate score on the students progress or knowledge.In conclusion, both formal and informal assessments consist of advantages and disadvantages that a teacher should consider and understand before administrating these assessments. Assessments are necessary to pinpoint students academic strengths and weaknesses. This allows a teacher to provide additional assistance to students that are struggling. Without assessments teachers will not be able to properly evaluate and assist students.