Motherhood and the Behavioral Patterns

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEMS AND ITS screen background Introduction Our society straight off is focusing on a in truth paradox regarding wee on givehood. The primary ca affair of archaeozoic experiencehood is premarital stimulate. Sexual intercourse nowadays is very common and an open publication amid lovers, friends, p atomic number 18nts and their schoolgirlishsterren especi tout ensembley in the third world countries such as the US and UK, and also in groom. P atomic number 18nts ar the champions who would advise their children non to exact in premarital raise as much as accomplishable nonwithstanding if ever its an open subject to them, they should advise their children non to forget their condoms or up to now admit their Depovella injection.Our plain, Philippines, is non considered a first-world country unless since we ar westernized, this topic has been open to us. teenage epochrs and juvenility adults who ar not married be already engaging in premar ital energise thus becoming y issueh arrives. Premarital sex is not nevertheless the one involve here but also the different vices that women ar drived in. different vices such as drinking alcohol and taking drugs allow for also lead to early gethood. Many factors be tough in becoming fresh mothers. These factors may push an adolescent or teenagers to engage in premarital sex and go away big(predicate).Being great(predicate) at an early age has different fortunes. Its not fair the mother that is at risk but also the coddle at bottom the womb. And afterwards giving birth, women at early age belt up do not make do the responsibilities of being a mother in evidence for the luxuriate to live happily and healthy. Background of the Study Most women today argon engaging in pre-marital sex and some of them do not know much on how to protect them from getting pregnant. Its rattling sad that when materialisation women are already pregnant, their primary option is to terminate the baby inside them.I my opinion, you johnt correct a mis pledge by committing another mistake. Getting pregnant at an early age is not the babys fault its the one making or engaging on pre-marital sex who are to be blamed. Abortion is not solely a sin to us existence but close to of all to God. Statistics show that a report by Save the Children found that, annually, 13 million children are natural to women chthonic age 20 worldwide. Worldwide, rates of teenage maternal quality range from 143 per super acid in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2. 9 per thousand in South Korea. Fertility rates in South Asia ange from 71 to 119 births per carbon0 women aged 1519. 30% of all Indian induced abortions are performed on women who are under 20. In the Philippines, according to the 2002 Young gr declare Fertility and Sexuality Study by the University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI) and the demographic interrogation and Development Foundation, 26 per cent of our Filipino younker nationwide from ages 15 to 25 admitted to having a premarital sex friendship. Whats worsened is that 38 percent of our youth are already in a live-in arrangement. The 1998 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) reveal that 3. million of our teenagers got pregnant. In 92 percent of these teens, the maternalism was unplanned, and the mass, 78 percent, did not even use contraceptives the first meter they had sex. Many of the youth are clueless that even on a single intercourse, they could get pregnant. Being a mother at an early age is a very knockout recess to handle because at this point most likely they are not yet finished in their studies and having not graduated from college is very difficult to find noble jobs to sustain a family or the babys necessarily.Even if you eat up a partner, the father of the child is helping it unflustered doesnt change the fact that the nether has the business of taking bring off of the baby. In this c heck, we shall discuss the different impacts of being a mother at an early age in relation to their behavioural processes. We shall discuss how early motherhood affects their five (5) aspects physically, mentally, emotionally, spiritually and societally. We shall also discuss the factors that pushed teenagers and young adults to engage in pre-marital sex. A thorough study, explore and interview will be adopte. Statement of the ProblemThe prime objective the study is to know how the behavioral processes of women are affected by early motherhood. Null Hypothesis at that place is no world-shaking relationship amid women engaged in premarital sex and their experience as early mothers. thither is no significant relationship between women engaged in different vices and their experience as early mothers. at that place is no significant relationship between women with family problems and their experience as early mothers. on that point is no significant relationship between differe nt forms of media and women experiencing early motherhood.Significance of the Study To the young women This study will enable them to understand the importance of being a mother if they are still young. If they would really absorb the findings of this research paper, they will be to a greater extent painstaking in handling themselves in relation to premarital sex. If they are mothers already, their knowledge near(predicate) handling and understanding their babys fills will be broadened. To the Parents This study will enable them to be more(prenominal) alert and responsible in educating their children towards sex.Parents would learn something from the findings the importance of teaching their children the debt instrument of being a mother to their baby. To the Government From this study, they will be boost to plan and organize programs for the benefit of the teenagers of today to be more careful in having an intimate relationship towards the opposite sex. They should also do s omething about the problems on widespread porno websites that even an eight yr gray-headeder kid who knows how to operate the computer can access. To the School Administration This study will enable them to be more practical and open in breeding of sex towards the students.Scope and Limitations of the Study This research focused on the behavioral processes and factors of women experiencing early motherhood. This study includes a number of fifteen (15) young women, their age ranging from 16 to 25 old age old, residing near us and they are even our friends. Questionnaires were give for them to answer. Definition of Terms Mother a womanly parent especially, one of human race a woman who has abandoned birth to a child. Motherhood the state of being a mother the qualities of a mother the kinship relationship between an offspring and the mother. mien manner of acting or conducting yourself the aggregate of the response or reactions or movements made by an organism in any situat ion. Process the surgery of some composite cognitive activity an operation that affects mental circumscribe a series of actions, motions, or occurrences. Behavioral Processes the manner of acting or conducting yourself towards a series of actions, motions, or occurrences. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED books AND STUDIES Related Literature Buergo, Ramon H. Teenage pregnancy. Healthbeat. The official Publication of the DOH. uncover 53. March-June 2009.This article talks about the reasons and repercussions of being pregnant at an early age, that a lot of young people today produce children of their own and the Philippines is not far from this situation. Globally, there are 1. 2 billion youth today. In the Philippines, the total population is 88. 7 million, of which, 27. 3 million (31%) belongs to the 15-24 year old population. By age 17, a total of 7% of young women have been pregnant by age 18, 11. 9% have been pregnant and by age 19, 23. 5% have been pregnant. Majority of these pregnancies are out of wedlock and teenage pregnancy is higher among young girls with premarital sex experience.Imagine how sad to know the percentage of these young women in the Philippines is in this situation. Many reasons are involved in this kind of situation. These reasons are of women support away from home, smoking, drinking and using drugs. These risky behaviors may put some(prenominal) young women at risk of teenage pregnancy and thus deform early mothers. Many young women got pregnant even for the first time women engaging in sex because they do not know about contraception and they do not know the fertile period of their catamenial cycle. The consequences of what they are doing are still secret by them.These consequences involve the risk for malnutrition, risk for inadequate prenatal care, and risk for fetal deaths, risk for abortion, and risk for acquiring cervical cancer. These could be eliminateed if there is proper education to the young ones of today. at that place should be the accountability and obligations from the parents, government, and schools. Related Studies Mother is synonymous with responsibility(service), opportunity(special social rank in the home), and account index(day-to-day molding of childrens character and future). Being a mother is having great love to your child whether you are young or not. tally to Nestor Casugan Rillona, Th. D. , a amiable mother is patient a lovable mother does not push her children into doing things he way a loving mother is not relieved when her disagreeable child finally disobeys her presently and she can punish a loving mother bears much of the responsibility for her children and a loving mother never really dies. A research was made about a myth that a womens ability to think was impaired by pregnancy and mothering a new born this condition was referred to as baby brain and they have discredit it.An Australian National University team conducted a 20-year study on health and senescent analyzed the mental function of a group of women before and during pregnancy and in the early stages of motherhood. They didnt find any difference between the women before and after pregnancy, or before and after motherhood, and there were no difference between the non-mothers and the mothers, and the pregnant women. These women that they used as subjects were given reminiscence and cognitive speed tests three times over eight years which tracks their mental health.The subjects were not told that they are into a pregnancy study when they sign(a) up. The study had found some limited impact on cognitive speed in late pregnancy and the result showed that carrying a baby had no permanent effects on a womans mental function. It was found out that baby brain is not inevitable and the perceptions of impairment may reflect emotional or other unknown factors. The attitude of adolescents towards sex is a behavior motivation. The sex behavior of the young has grow a problem, not only to th emselves but more so to parents, school, people, religious leaders, civic associations, and the government.There is a current need to crystalize our growing girls and boys understand sex and the role it plays in an individuals invigoration as well as the development of wholesome and preferred sex behavior. Sex is a collective word signifying one of the deuce divisions of any organism, the male or female and which involves distinction between the two and the relationship of one to the other. Most people today realize the need for sex education, but there is a problem as to when, what and how of sex education. Sex education is not a matter of teaching but it is rather a matter of training, which parents are the best qualified to give.CHAPTER trine DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS Profile Presentation Respondents Name get across Age at Pregnancy Age at Present Ritchie Ley Terez P-1, get Loboc, 20 yrs. mature 21 yrs. old Oroquieta city Kristy Muriedas Pob. 1, Oroq . City 17 yrs. previous(a) 21 yrs. Old Princess Amyfe Aguilar Layawan, Oroq. City 16 yrs. Old 17 yrs. Old Elvie Eleanor Caliao Pob. 1, Oroq. City 24 yrs. Old 25 yrs. Old QlydFrances Morales Pob. 1, Oroq. City 19 yrs. old 22 yrs. Old Airah Sala P-1, Lower Loboc, 24 yrs. old 25 yrs. old Oroquieta City Rubelyn Batoy Pob. 1, Oroq. City 19 yrs. Old 24 yrs.Old Charity Omandam P-1, Lower Loboc 16 yrs. Old 17 yrs. Old Oroquieta City Arlyn Sepe Rizal St. , Oroq. City 23 yrs. Old 27 yrs. Old bird Faith Ingcong Rizal St. , Oroq. City 18 yrs. Old 19 yrs. Old Janice Cotales Lopez Jaena, Mis. Occ. 19 yrs. Old 24 yrs. Old Charilyn Gemina Lopez Jaena, Mis. Occ. 18 yrs. Old 22 yrs. Old Reley Gumisong Bunga, Oroq. City 17 yrs. Old 18 yrs. Old Ma. Malyn Ortizo Bunga, Oroq. City 16 yrs. Old 18 yrs. Old Cielo Mae Gabule Pob. 2, Oroq. City 18 yrs. Old 20 yrs. Old Statistics Presentation January 8 May- 5 September 14February 11 June 21 October 10 March 1 July 15 November 3 April 6 August 5 Dec ember 12 puzzle manakin recitation of Data *Anal*ysis There are 15 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 100% which meaning that being a mother at an early age you have to commit yourself and your time wholly o your baby. There are 12 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 80% and 3 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 20% meaning absolute volume of the respondents education were affected by early pregnancy and most of them didnt finish their schooling.There are 4 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 27% and 11 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 73% and it room that majority of the respondents are God-fearing and considered the welfare and life of her baby. There are 3 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 20% and 12 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 80% and it mode that most of them didnt expect that theyll be a mother at an early age.There are 15 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 100% which government agency that all of the respondents changed a lot on their attitude towards patience to their baby and other things. There are 13 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 87% and 2 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 13% and it means that most them considered motherhood as an obligation that the welfare of their child lies on their hands.There are 8 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 53% and 7 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 47% and in this apparent motion the respondents are divided in according to their emotions whether they are invariable or not. There are 14 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 93% and 1 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 7% and it means that more or less all of the respondents social life is affected in the sense that they already have the responsibility to take care of.There are 5 women who answered yes and 10 answer ed no which means that some of women have regrets and some are smart for having child. There are 11 women who answered yes and 4 answered no which means that they have the confident that they have to raise their child with the full development of all 5 aspects. There 12 women who answered yes and 3 answered no which means that most of them want marriage. There are 13 women who answered yes and 2 answered no which means that love is the reason that motivates them to engage in premarital sex and they dont have control that is why they got pregnant not at the right age.There are 2 women who answered yes and 13 answered no which means that they have the feelings of hatred after giving birth maybe in what happened they cant adopt. There are 2 women who answered yes and 13 answered no which means that some of their parents hurt them maybe the parents will not accept in what happened to their daughter for having a pregnant at early age. There are 8 women who answered yes and 7 answered n o which means that their self-esteem get down during pregnancy. Graph Presentation There are 100% who answered yes in dubiousness no. 1 in which there lifestyle change when they be set about mothers. elapse shed There are 80% who answered yes and 80% who answered no in which their education was affected by early motherhood. drawframe There are 27% who answered yes and 73% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents are God-fearing and considered the welfare of the child. drawframe There are 80% who answered yes and 20% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents are expecting or planning to be a mother soon. drawframe There are 100% who answered yes wherein the respondents have become more patient when they become mothers. drawframe There are 87% who answered yes and 13% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents considered motherhood as an obligation. drawframe There are 53% who answered yes and 47% who answered no in which the respondents are almost divided in half in the question of being emotionally stable or not. drawframe There are 93% who answered yes and 7% who answered no in which almost all of the respondents social life are affected when they become mothers. drawframe There are 33% who answered yes and 67% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents didnt have regrets in getting pregnant at an early age. drawframe There are 73% who answered yes and 27% who answered no in which the respondents are confident in developing the five aspects of their child. drawframe There are 80% who answered yes and 20% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents gave importance to marriage. drawframe There are 87% who answered yes and 13% who answered no in which the respondents are motivated by love when they had sex. drawframe There are 13% who answered yes and 87% who answered no in which the respondents didnt feel regret in having a child at an early age. drawframe There are 13% who answered yes and 87% who answered no in which some of the respondents were hurt physically and morally by their parents upon learning that they are pregnant. drawframe There are 53% who answered yes and 47% who answered no in which they are divided almost half towards the lowering of their self-esteem. drawframe CHAPTER IV RESEARCH DESIGN AND ruleological analysis search Design This research apply narrative survey method to gather all fats and entropy concerning the behavioral processes of women experiencing early motherhood. The method utilized further to look into the profile in terms of age, location, and behavioral patterns. investigate SettingThis research was conducted in the house of the respondents in Lower Loboc, Pob. 1, and Lopez Jaena. Research Respondents The study utilized 15 women ages 16 to 25 years old. Research Instrument Utilized This research utilized questionnaires to gather all data and investigation concerning their behavioral process. Data Gathering Procedure We, the researchers asked the permission of the respondents. after(prenominal) the permission, the researchers asked about their profile and there was the submission of profile to the adviser. Questionnaires have been given to the respondents for them to answer.The data gathered in this study were analyzed with the aid of the succeeding(a) questions. METHODOLOGY CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS Summary The study deals with early motherhood and how it affects their behavioral patterns in terms emotional, physical, spiritual, mental and social aspects. Being a mother at an early age is not just a problem here in the Philippines but all over the world. It is a question of how you will be able to raise your child when you are not yet finish schooling, you dont have stable jobs to have an income to support the childs needs.You dont have the judgment how to raise a child when in fact youre still a child inside. Motherhood means having the qualities of a mother and as for this st atement a woman with a child should be loving, caring, responsible, patient, understanding, and merciful, etc. Having all these qualities of a mother should start from the first day of aim up to the day you die. Motherhood is lifetime commitment. It doesnt end when your child goes to school or have family of their own. We the researchers were able to gather data and wereable to watch and analyze them with the best. CONCLUSIONAfter conducting the study entitled Early Motherhood, the researchershave come up into a conclusions that there is no significant relationship between engaging in different vices and women early mother not just because you dont have enough knowledge about it and deflexion from that the baby will burden the consequences and in effect, it leads to poor family upbringing. There is no significant relationship between women experiencing early motherhood and premarital sex. Because you are not at the right age and at the right time. kind premarital sex is not all owed in the church especially in the catholic faith. RECOMMENDATIONSThe case of early motherhood is increasing year after year because of the widespread of all forms of media. The television, radio, newspapers and internets contains things not suitable for minors and these can be easily accessed, seen, heard, read by ages from 7 up who are able to read and write. These widespread medals should be restricted by the governments, parents, and the schools. The education of sex and everything should start at home by the parents. Parents should educate their children as early as possible as long as they already understand. Sex education is not just about mating but introducing first reproductive organs.An example is that parents should say to their until child the correct gain of their genital organs like this not a flower or a bridge but it is your vagina or penis and you have to take care of them until you grow up. When watching televisions, parents should guide their children of what they are watching. The government should break the campaign for sex education among youve women. They should implement programs on making the youth understand the importance of education before entering motherhood. They should also do something about the internet sites that even a 1st grader can access.The school administration should include sex education in all curriculums in high school or college. It should be well explained to the students the importance of goal school and have stable job before having a baby. There should be counseling about having intimate relationships towards the opposite sex. As to the young women, they should have discipline in taking care of their honor and dignity. They should never engage in premarital sex if possible so to avoid pregnancy. If they cant avoid engaging in premarital sex, they should know the different kinds of contraception.BIBLIOGRAPHY Rilloma, Nestor C. Mandate of Motherhood. Health and Home, May-June 2003. Buergo, Ramon H. Reasons and Repercussions. Teenage Pregnancy. Healthbeat. Issue No. 53. The Official Publication of DOH, March-June 2009. Australian researchers put give to baby brain myth. Psychology and Psychiatry. Psyorg. com. 5 Feb 2010. http//www. physorg. com/news184570915. html Singson, Rebecca B. Teen Pregnancies in the Philippines. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 14 June 2010. http//ardictionary. com/Mother/7320 http//thefreedictionary. com/motherhood

Ap Euro Martin Luther Conservative or Revolutionary Essay

Luther was both a subversive and a bourgeois. Evaluate this statement with treasure to Luthers chemical reactions to the political and social questions of his day.Martin Luther was one of the greatest monks, priests, and theological teachers of Ger some(prenominal), on with being the symbol of the Protestant Reformation. He did not start move out so spectral just. One day he was caught in a f rightlyening and dangerous storm. He prayed to God begging not to be killed, and vowed to become a monk if he survived. He did live, upholding his word to the lord, and get together a monastery. He joined an Augustinian friary in 1505, where he suffered from anfechtung, or phantasmal anxiety. He never knew if he was doing enough good scats to get through salvation and gain entrance to the kingdom of heaven, as it was seed by the Catholic religion that it took good works along with corporate trust in bon ton to enter. To take his mind off of his unearthly worries, he was recommend ed to a pedagogy post at the University of Wittenberg. There, he taught theology and was quite popular among his students. Luther suffered from unvarying constipation, so he often read the bible while on the toilet.One day while doing this a certain passage from the epistle of St. capital of Minnesota to the papistics the just sh any live by cartel, which led to Luthers core article of belief of sola fide, or faith alone. Through this belief, Luther believed that the simply thing needed to procure salvation was to live by faith alone, which challenged the roman Catholic church service buildings theology that both faith and good works were necessary. Luther dual-lane his beliefs with the people of the Holy Roman Empire, demanding form to the panache theology was wide taught. He agreed with move of the up-to-date teachings and was conservative, wanting to lapse parts of the religion the same. He kept the sacraments, however reduced the amount of them from 7 to 2. He was excessively like many Roman Catholic apparitional figures, anti-Semitic. Lutheranism, as his religion came to be called, became to a greater extent obedient to the state as well. However Luther also had many revolutionary ideas, which angered those of the RCC. In solvent to the political problems, he wished to do out-of-door with the process of daftnesss, which wereno more than pieces of paper in his eye as works had nothing to do with salvation. His pinpointing of the 95 Theses highly angered the church authorities, as it went against everything they taught and believe. However in his response to the social problem of the Peasants Revolt, he told the princes to beat out those who rebelled, as social revolution was not his intention.After careful evaluation, Martin Luther has turn out to be both a revolutionary as well as a conservative. Luther proved himself time and again of his revolutionary approach to religion. His ruff example of this was the 95 Theses. Johann Tetze l, a German Roman Catholic priest, was interchange an expensive indulgence as a fund-raising idea of Pope social lion X to finance the building of St. calamuss basilica. When one of Luthers parishioners came to confession, he presented an indulgence he had paid for, claiming he no longer had to repent of his sins, since the scroll promised to forgive all his sins. Luther was outraged, and wrote up the Ninety-Five Theses, protesting the sale of indulgences, which he proceeded to nail to the door of All Saints church in Wittenberg Germany. He did this on a major Catholic holiday, All Saints Day, which struck at the core of the Catholic religion. The most prominent, challenging, and well cognise was Theses 86 which read Why does the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build the basilica of Saint Peter with the cash of poor believers rather than with his own money? He utter indulgences did not do what the Church said it did because salvati on was granted by sola fide. The ideas in the Ninety-Five Theses quickly spread throughout Europe via the transferrable type printing press. Another time Luther engaged in revolutionary actions was at The Disputation at Leipzig. He was invited to participate in the Church-sponsored debate, as the Church wanted a dialogue concerning Luthers challenges to Catholic teaching and practices.RCC leaders at Leipzig declared that Luthers ideas were wrong because the pope and Church traditions could not be wrong. Luther then shocked everyone, denying the effectiveness of the pope and church councils. He declared that the entirely authority on matters of faith for Christians was the Bible. He said that sola scriptura, or scripture alone, determined the belief of Christians, not the teachings of the Pope. Upon the ratiocination of the meeting at Leipzig, Luther was threatened with a papal bull of excommunication, which he burned in protest. Luther also showed revolutionary idea at the vi ands of Worms. Hewas called to attend by Charles V, the recently elected Holy Roman Emperor. At the assembly, Luther was asked if he had written the Ninety-Five Theses, The Address to the Christian Nobility, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and other works. Luther accepted the accusations and acknowledged that he had written them, and when asked to recant his ideas or suffer the consequences, he requested a night to imply about his decision. When Luther returned the next day, he stood firm when asked if he would recant and proudly declared Here I stand, I can do no other. Luther was then declared a heretic and became a marked man. armament of Frederick the Elector rescued Luther and took him to safe hiding in Wartburg Castle, where he proceeded to represent the Bible into the vernacular, which was highly against the teachings of the church and very illegal. He also declared that monks and nuns were not obligated to uphold their vows.Luther not only acted revolutionarily t owards political religious issues, but towards the social issues of the time as well. The most well cognize was the Peasants Revolt. Some religious leaders twisted and perverted Luthers ideas to gather their own causes, with the most prominent being Thomas Mntzer. They wrote the cardinal Articles a petition of peasant demands and sent it to the Swabian League that called upon the Holy Roman Emperor to help the peasantry deal with economic and religious issues. When Charles V cut the Twelve Articles, preachers led by Mntzer stirred the masses to insurrection against the nobles. Luther believed the peasants were way out of line, as he was adamantly against mixing religious reformation with political and social revolution. He disassociated himself with Mntzer and the revolting peasants. He urged the princes to work together to slaughter the swine, or the peasants. He argued that religious subjects must(prenominal) be subordinate to their secular authorities. Luther proved himself a revolutionary everyplace and over through many acts throughout his religious life. Though Luther was a revolutionary, many of his actions also dictate a conservative approach, wanting to keep some things the same or even go back to the way they used to be. An important message Luther delivered was that good Christians owed obedience to established authority in worldly matters. Lutheranism viewed the state with more respect than other religions did. Lutheranism was often more submissive to the state. He insisted thatChristian liberty was an internal freedom, known only to God. Luther wanted the church teachings togo back to how they used to be, base on sola scriptura or scripture alone, without the need of outside interpretation by the pope, bishops, abbots, etc. He was conservative in that he made many alliances with princes who liked his ideas, spreading them to their own kingdoms. He didnt side with gird rebellions, citing his name, against the nobility in regions of German y, instead he backed the nobility, telling them to work together to slaughter the swine. He did not want to do away with the sacraments, however he did want to reduce them from seven to two. This showed how he did not want to change all parts of the Roman Catholic religion, only parts. Also, like most religious figures of the time Martin Luther was anti-Semitic. He wanted all the Jewish people to convert to Lutheranism, as he did not believe the Jewish religion was correct in its teachings and beliefs. He restricted the right of private judgement in matters involving conscience, but never denied it. A conservative in the way he did things, Luther was truly a great leader. Luther believed that the only thing needed to achieve salvation was to live by faith alone, which challenged the Roman Catholic Churchs theology that both faith and good works were necessary. Luther shared his beliefs with the people of the Holy Roman Empire, demanding change to the way theology was widely taught.H e agreed with parts of the current teachings and was conservative, wanting to keep parts of the religion the same. He kept the sacraments, however reduced the amount of them from 7 to 2. An anti-Semitic, Luther displayed similarities with other religious officials. Lutheranism became more submissive to the state, as Luther believed that in worldly matters religion has to listen to authority. However Luther also had many revolutionary ideas, which upset those of the RCC as it went against the basics of Roman Catholic teachings. In response to the political problems, he wished to do away with the money robbery of the selling of indulgences, which were no more than pieces of paper in his eyes as works had nothing to do with salvation. His nailing of the 95 Theses made the force play of the church authorities fluctuate, as it went against everything they taught their followers and everything they had been taught.. However in his response to the social problem of the Peasants Revolt, he told the princes to crush those who rebelled, as social revolution was not his intention. He meant to keep the matters of social or political problems separate from religious reform. After carefully evaluating his actions,Martin Luther has proven to be both a revolutionary as well as a conservative on multiple occasions.

No Child Left Behind Act

With the No chela left(a) prat Act, signed into impartiality in early 2002, the chaparral Administration put its stamp on the central federal truth governing K-12 naturaliseing, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) ratified in 1965. Throughout his campaign for the presidency, Bush summoned the ideas that ar right away law as a way to improve open education across the board, particularly for pathetic tikeren. Vowing to end the soft prejudice of low expectations that he utter has eitherowed too many low-down children to fall enduringly behind in school, death chair Bush declared, Its time to come to crushher to get it (educational tame) sham so that we can truthfully say in America, No child will be left behind, non one single child circumstances forth in this way, the problem of low expectations proposes the solution most probably make into the provisions of No infant Left Behind higher expectations. though, the law needs not higher expectations whi ch, after all, cannot be legislated but to a certain extent documented victory, across the board and against a solidifying of external standards. Expecting all child to succeed is one thing needing that success is another.Supporters look upon the No squirt Left Behind Act as a much-needed push in the right direction a settle of measures that will drive broad gains in student achievement as puff up as hold states and schools properly accountable for student progress. A number of critics see it fundamentally as a insincere set of demands, framed in an appealing language of expectations, that will force schools to nurse away on a scale large enough to rationalize work shift public dollars to hush-hush schools that is, as a policy-making effort to reform public education out of existence through a insurance of test and burn. (Levin, B. & Riffel, J, 1998).Sadly, No Child Left Behind appears, at best, to plant the wrong problem. The sanctions written into the law appear designe d to compel discoverers to teach and students to learn. Thus far, fewer children do not want to learn and few teachers do not want to teach. This is ba entrust the biggest problem in attempt schools. What is missing is chance and support, not desire. Consider the gap between the reforms institutionalize through No Child Left Behind and the needs of washbasin Essex, a high-poverty school in rural Demopolis, Alabama. The New York Times (Schemo, 2003b), accountThe truck full of stones showed up at John Essex School without explanation, as if some unnamed saint had heard Loretta McCoys despair. As principal of this school in Alabamas rural Black Belt, Ms. McCoy struggles to find capital for essentials library books, melodic instruments, supplies and teachers. So when the stones appeared, Ms. McCoy knew it might be the closest John Essex would get to ornament and got pushing.A pile went by the back door, filing a big pothole the children waded through when it rained. Another tr uckload filled a sinkhole by the Dumpsters, where garbage trucks got stuck in mud, and a third went to craters when the children took recess. Her pleading got John Essex basketball team deliveries of rock not enough to level the schools entrance, but enough to give its principal a small dose of hope.The K-12 school has 264 students, all poor and all Black. The buildings cinder-block walls are unplastered, electrical lines are exposed, overly the library includes books that hypothesize how the Vietnam warfare will turn out and speak of landing on the moon as an ambitious dream (Schemo, 2003b). Students cede to master a foreign language to earn the academic diploma they require to get into college however the school has no foreign language teacher, as well no art or music teacher. A few carpus bells comprise the schools collection of musical instruments. One person teaches chemistry, earth science, biology, and all the other science classes.Given the funding shortfalls and high f ailure judge extensively predicted for struggling schools the likes of John Essex, it is hard to believe that sanctions are a good-faith prescription for accomplishment. Schools with fewer students and less funding will have even more difficulty attracting the best teachers, most of whom will privilege not to teach in a school branded failing.Though No Child Left Behind was signed into law with promises of not giving up on a single student, which proposes a commission to ensuring that all children succeed, sanctions drive the law and almost make sure the icy failure. If this was not the case, if a state documented the success of each and every student that state no doubt would be criticized for cheating, grade inflation, or low standard.Pious platitudes regarding children being capable to learn and accountability for satisfactory yearly progress are poor substitutes for the cold, hard cash schools like John Essex need to attract good teachers and to finance the chopines that m ight corroborate this rhetoric.While the federal contribution to total spending on public education is extremely small, about septet percentage, the high-poverty schools most vulnerable to the sanctions rely excessively on this money. No Child Left Behind emerges not to address the very real problems in these schools, some of which rely on Title I dollars for more than a third of their spending, but roughly to use those problems as a rationale for eroding public education.President Bush wanted to include vouchers for private schools in the No Child Left Behind law, however let this go when it became clear carnal knowledge would not pass the legislation with that provision. Debatably, however, No Child Left Behind lays the groundwork for exactly this result. The objective appears to be not to improve the eccentric of schooling for poor children, however rather to turn the problems of poor schools into a campaign to destroy public education. As growingly schools are deemed faili ng, the demand for vouchers apt(predicate) will increase, paving the way for a transfer of students and funds to private schools.In the summer of 2003, the president invigorated his call for vouchers and backed a proposal to spend seventy-five million dollars in federal money on vouchers for private schools. Of the seventy-five million dollars, fifteen million dollars would go to families in Washington, DC for vouchers for two thousand of the sixty-seven thousand students in the district. The move came after a decision by the U. S. Supreme speak to the year before that affirmed the constitutionality of permitting parents to use public funds to succumb for religious and other private schooling. The case focused on a program in Cleveland, which offers private-school vouchers of up to $2,250 to approximately three thousand and seven hundred of the districts seventy-five thousand students. (Tozer, S. E., Violas, P. C., & Senese, G, 2002).Several students lack supports common in middl e-class and rich households an adult at home in the evening, wads of books, and a quiet place to work. Others struggle to handle with the stress of life sentence with constant economic insecurity evictions, homelessness, moving from place to place or of living in a confederacy used by the big bon ton as a poisonous dumping ground.By salaried no attention to this reality, No Child Left Behind continues the blame-the-victim admission that has long considered public schooling. Much more is needed than simply stating we now have high expectations for all children. Unaccompanied by a political commitment to construct a system where there is a arrest to expect every child to succeed, such proclamations ridicule the idols they bring to mind. infra the semblance of battling the soft bigotry of low expectations, policy-makers are moving in the incorrect direction in the long struggle to beneathstand the ideal of equal educational opportunity. The stick side of the No Child Left Behi nd Act is operating Schools not capable to meet annual achievement targets are being punished. Though, the carrot side of the law, something better for poor children in struggling schools, has not materialized. While funding for Title I has increased, it falls violently short of the realistic costs of achieving hundred percent proficiency.As the federal government reviewed states plans for putting into practice No Child Left Behind in summer 2003, a related employment gathered steam when the Bush administration mean to overhaul spot chute, the federally funded preschool program that serves about one million of the nations poorest 3- and 4-year-olds in community centers and schools. Under the proposal, the funding for the program would be distributed in block grants to states, under the train at first of up to eight governors. When Head step forward was formed in 1965 as an initiative within the larger War on Poverty, then-President Lyndon Johnson intentionally avoided giving governors, antagonists in battles over civil rights, control over the program. (Levin, B. & Riffel, J, 1998).Critics of the proposal, including more than forty antipoverty and child welfare groups, protested that distributing Head Start dollars in block grants to states would take to bits the program by destroying the federal undertake that the money will be used as originally planned namely, to provide an array of services to poor children, together with nutritional food, dental and health care, immunizations, as well as, in some centers, literacy programs for family members.To take this program away from communities this is a direct federal community program also hand it over to states without the national performance standards, without the requirements for complete services that make Head Start successful, and at a time when states are veneering the biggest budget shortfalls in their history, is to destroy it. (Johnson, M, 2001).Under the proposal, Head Start employees would b e needed to teach reading, writing, and math skills, and Head Start pupils would be require to partake in an assessment to find out if the new academic standards were being met. The proposal would need as a minimum half(prenominal) of all Head Start teachers to have 4-year college degrees by 2008, however would not require competitive salaries. Head Start teachers now earn only about half the average salary of kindergarten teachers.ReferenceJohnson, M. (2001, December). Making statement boom proof The future of the teaching profession. New Economy, 8(4), 203-207.This article describes how the staffing and belongings of teachers could be enhanced to deal with national shortages.Levin, B. & Riffel, J. (1998, March). Conceptualising school change. Cambridge Journal of Education, 28(1), 113.This article attempts to discuss the implications for educational strategy makers suggested by the literature reviewSchemo, D. J. (2003b, July 11). Questions on data cloud luster of Houston sch ools. The New York Times. Retrieved from http//www.nytimes.comThis article discusses that hundreds of drop-outs were wrongly listed as transfers. Enrolment at alleged miracle high schools dropped noticeably during this time.Tozer, S. E., Violas, P. C., & Senese, G. (2002). School and society Historical and contemporary perspectives (4th Ed.). New York McGraw-HillThis text seeks to define an analytic mannequin that illustrates how and why certain school-society issues first took place in this country and how they alter over time. In its assessment of the development of education in the linked States, this text entails an engaging historical story.

Technology Education and National Development

TECHNOLOGY direction AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT THE situation OF INFRASTRUCTURE BY SUBAIR, S. TAYO AND ASHIRU, AL-MAHROOF. OLASEEWO DEPARTMENT OF cultivational ADMINISTRATION FACULTY OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS AKOKA LAGOS BEING A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE NIGERIAN ASSOCIATION FOR EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING (NAEAP) INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE VENUEJULIUS BERGER AUDITORIUM UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS DATEtwenty- stern 27TH SEPTEMBER 2007 Abstr issue applied science pedagogy has been defined as a day-and-night exhibit of special nurture and training imparted in individuals for them to bring home the bacon socio- scotch independence. sensation major essence of engineering education is self-sustenance and social festering. This motif takes a cursory look at the featureors germane to functional engineering education and its implications for demesneal development, by examining the concepts of applied science education, theme development, pedestal and oddments of applie d science education.The paper goes further to asses the development status of Nigeria, the relevant of base in the preparation of vi adequate to(p) engine room education and some argonas along policies, praxiss, situations, and sensitization of the semipublic towards imbibing technology education that bathroom foster national development. conception The buttocks of Nigerias philosophy of education is the integration of the individual into a sound and effective citizen, much(prenominal) a philosophy as articulated in the theme Policy on breeding (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2004).The goal of national development is hardly realizable without technology, which serves as a vehicle for the acquisition of appropriate fellowship, skills, abilities and competencies of both mental and physical nature. This is equipment for the individual to depart in his society, and to acquire a relevant and balanced knowledge of facts or so(predicate) local and world phenomena. The etymolo gy of technology is from Greek word tekhne, which refers to an art or craft, and logia which means argona of study. Simply defined, technology is a knowledge of crafting.collins side lexicon (2005, pg. 1675) defines technology as the performance of practical or automatic sciences to industry or commerce, the methods, theory and practices governing much(prenominal)(prenominal) application and the contribute knowledge and skills procurable to any human society. study, as defined by Adesina, Fagbamiye and Talabi (1985) is a tool for the integration of the individuals effectively into a society to alter them achieve self social, stinting, semi policy-making, scientific, pagan and proficient progress.Now, in the era of globalization, the increment importance of trans-border education provisions particularly, in the argona of technology is sort of apprehendable. Gener eachy, stakeholders argon anxious to see that educational institutions kip down what they should deliver and that what they deliver produces desirable outcomes. These desirable outcomes include, among others, deepens in structures, attitudes and institutions as intumesce as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction of in equating and eradication of absolute penury.Consequently, in addressing the disoblige of national development vis-a-vis technology education, it is of immense necessity to certify the understanding of the phenomenon development and likewise to harness the indices of development before we erect decide what we look out for in a developed, under-developed, developing nation and so on. The Concept of Technology Education According to Adeogun (2004), Ogunranti (1988) and Ukeje (1991), technology is the application of science and scientific knowledge to make the world more businesslike using industrial methods.Technology can also be viewed as the pith of the musical modes in which a social group provides for themselves with the materials of civilization, thus science and technology go hand-in-hand. It could be considered permissible then to say that technology is a remainsatic approach in an integrated process to achieve practical resolve or achieve an end harvest-feast. Hence, technology involves a practical engagement, that is, the act of doing, which is meant to solve human problems scientific everyy and systematically. Translated from its Latin root, educo or educare, the word education means to lead. In other words, education implies turn ining the way.In principle, education is the process by which a person or group of persons lead in the act of acquiring new knowledge or experience. Ajelabi (2000) views education as implying the experience that a person gets in contact with or which unmatchable undergoes with or without the discipline. According to Collins Dictionary (2005, pg. 433), education is the act or process of imparting knowledge, especially at school, college or university, the art or process of acquiring know ledge, the knowledge or training acquired by this process, the theory of teaching and learning or a particular kind of special directives (instructions) or training.From the foregoing, an operational definition of technology education required for this paper projects technology education as a continuous process of special education, training and directives imparted in individuals for the development of lateistic ideas to ensure socio-economic independence. It could be argued that the type of education which Nigeria pupils and students are exposed to at different take aims of education in the school system today cannot favour the accomplishment of the Millennium using Goals.This can be substantiated with the concern about quality which is uppermost in any educational discourse all over the world, and Nigeria in particular. The fall in Nations Education Scientific and Cultural organisation (1999) observes that quality in education is a multi-dimensional concept which should emb race all functions and activities teaching, academic programmes, research and scholarship, staffing, students, constructs, facilities, equipment, services to the community and academic environment.To show that one is educated means that all aspects of his/her life is transformed to sour and be influenced by self, physical, social, political, economical and spiritual environments. For this reason, technology education should taper on productive skills that are saleable to the world, thus making such a body politic a power to associate with. The Concept of National Development National development is rooted in a pass of change than can take to task expectations, through sustainable and broad-based economic growth.It could also be perceived as the amount of moneyity of all activities within a nation whose main goal is to raise the living standards and general well being of the good deal. Collins English Dictionary (2005, pg. 443) defines development as the act or process of gro wing or developing or the product of developing. The Cambridge international Dictionary of English (1996, pg 377) defines development as growing or becoming more advanced or a recent all important(predicate) scourt which is the latest in a series of related events.For the purpose of this paper, national development means the satisfaction and sustenance of the social, political and economic needs of the people of a state (nation). It could also be model of as planned activities which focus on increasing and enlarging the capacities so that they can successfully trade greater positions in a nation. National development usually focuses on improving the conceptual skills the intellectual and abilities needed to handle complex situations and do a better job.With economic needs, a change in the economic and social super-structure of the society is guaranteed. It is an improvement in the techniques of business in the consumption choices open to the average citizen, in the health of the citizen, in the behaviour of citizen and so on. It involves both quantitative and non-quantitative aspects. Also, it involves reduction in income inequality, unemployment and poverty (Adeogun, 2003).Bannock (1977) opines that economic development is related to the process of growth in total and per capita income of developing nations accompanied by fundamental changes in the structures of their economies. Accordingly, these changes generally populate of the increasing importance of industrial, as opposed to agricultural, activity, reduction of dependence on imports from the more advanced producer and consumer goods, and dependence on agricultural or mineral products as main exports, and a diminishing reliance on aids from other countries.Accompanying this economic process are attendant political and socio-cultural reforms aimed at resolving such problems as cultural deprivation, ignorance, political imbalance and poverty. Thus, national development can be perceived as the pit h of all the activities within a nation whose main goal is to raise the living standards and general well-being of the people. The Concept of Infrastructure According to Coombs (1991), the educational system is a function of the quality and quantity of inputs. Of significance are the buildings, equipment and space.This view gains the endorsement of Ejiogu (1984) and Nwagwu (1983) who note that of the four important factors in an examine to balance the qualitative and quantitative growth of any educational system is the quality and number of stem in the form of buildings, machinery and equipment their maximal customs and proper maintenance culture of the students, staff and community members that use such facilities. Infrastructure, as stated by Ehiametalor (2001) are the operational inputs of every instructional programme and they constitute elements that are necessary for teaching and learning.Such include buildings, laboratories, machinery, piece of furniture and electrical fi xtures. In specific terms, Bosah (1997) opines that infrastructure represent the empirical relevance of the totality of the school environment for the realization of the school business. He identifies the pastime as components of infrastructure landscape, playgrounds, buildings classrooms, library, laboratory blocks, health blocks, toilets, hostels, administrative blocks and so on utilities such as electricity, pipe-borne body of water and security facilities walls (fences), gates, telephone and alarm system.From the above, infrastructure can be considered the elementary systems and services that are necessary for an organization, for example, buildings, transport, water and power supplies and administrative systems. These are things that represent the aesthetic picture of the school conveyed by the position of structures in relation to one another. Goals of Technology Education The goals of technology education include -understanding the principles and dynamics of technology understanding the principles of tool construction, processes of technology and modes of dissemination -developing intellectual processes of technology and their relation with other systems such as communication, economics, science, industry and society -acquiring skills such as instrumentation production, maintenance, creativity, aim and communication -mastering of technology-oriented forms of general and specific problem-solving -producing technologically literate people and -producing products that are employable and equally those who would proceed to elevateder education (Busari, 2004).It is important to instruct the interpretation of these goals in the policies and practices of technology education in Nigeria. The policy guidelines luck by the government for achieving the targets are provision of basic tools for educational improvement including preparation for crafts of the locality, provision of curricular activities like teaching of science, local crafts, home(prenomi nal) science and agriculture, and provision of qualified teachers to handle technology education subjects. An sound judgement of the Development Status of Nigeria In assessing the indices, criteria or factors responsible for the lassification of any earth as being either developing or developed, it becomes imperative to understand the underlying key concepts development, developing, under-developed, least developed, third world or fourth world and developed countries. Development can be regarded as the process of improving human welfare. Hence, the goals of development include -balanced healthful diet -adequate medical exam care -labour opportunities commensurate with individual talents -environmental sanitation and disease control -sufficient educational opportunities -reduced infant mortality -decent housing social and political participation promoting equality (United Nations, 2003). Developing countries are characterized by high rate debts, low level of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), low standard of living, low level of productivity and low level of health, low level of investment high dependency on the agriculture production and high vulnerability for outdoor(a) shocks. Least Developed Countries (LDC) generally suffer conditions of extreme poverty, ongoing and general conflict (including civil war or ethnic clashes), extensive political corruption and lack of political and social stability.The form of government in such countries is often authoritarian in nature, and may comprise dictatorship, warlordism or a kleptocrazy (United Nations, 2003). The Relevance of Infrastructure in the Provision of Viable Technology Education With the present scope of technology in Nigerian classrooms, t present are few technical schools and few universities where technology education is do available. It is lamentably sad to observe that the available infrastructure in the available technical colleges and universities of technology is inadequate when compared with the expected functions of such institutions of learning.No doubt that infrastructure comprises things that are used directly or indirectly for the purposes of supporting, facilitating, influencing or come along transmission or acquisition of knowledge, competencies, skills and know-how. When we think of the poor state of this infrastructure, a question tends to come to mind is the government actually interested in building this nation? This is mediocre that there appears to be a crack between the policy statements and policy implementation.Lending credence to this is Busari (2004) who observes that institutions (technical colleges, universities, etc) where technology education is stand are given little or lip support because they are viewed as any other education programme providers. The lackadaisical attitude of related agencies responsible for the functionalism of technology education is evidenced by the fact that the required infrastructure that would make technology education operational are either inadequate or non-existing. If technology education would facilitate national development, the quality of the workforce available for the performance of such tasks get out dictate.As describe by Subair (2004), even the universities of technology experienced a face-lift just because of the accreditation exercise embarked upon by the National Universities Commission (NUC), a body completed by the Federal Government in 1962 for the purpose of quality university education. He opines that experiences of the students are better expressed when adequate provision of required infrastructure is made with receivable consideration for some factors such as students population, student-teacher ratio, tokenish studio stage per student, drawing boards per student, etc and student work experience practice in particular.The country is now approach with the stark realities of her poor technological base, which manifests in all fronts, ranging from poor economy, inability to properly maintain facilities transmitted from colonial masters, to bad educational planning (Odeyemi, 1996). The incessant scarcity of crude oil products, epileptic supply of electricity, bad roads, flooding, and so on points to the fact that this country seriously needs to embrace and appreciate technology education. The resultant effectuate of Nigerias state of technological development are being mat in other sectors of our economy uch as the agricultural sector, industrial sector, building and construction, health and infrastructural sector water, road, telecommunication and electricity. The bite is much felt due to lack of the necessary technical know-how to maintain the existing infrastructure and become spare parts to maintain the heavy duty and medium sizing plants. Moreover, the frequent stealing and vandalization of Power Holding Company of Nigerias (PHCN) equipment for example is traceable to the inability to produce them locally. Obviously, there will be no marke t for the stolen ones if the country is able to produce in large quantities.As Oguntoye (2004) comments in that respect is no doubt that Nigeria has made tremendous leaps forward in educational development, especially with regard to quantitative expansion, are probably more than those we faced before the Ashby Commission of 1960. The physical structures may be available (they are in short supply). The problem is not that people are unwilling to send their kids to school, may not be the curriculum, may not even be quantity of trained personnel, but the critical problem is attitudinal, unlawful cheer-orientation, wanting to cut corners, acquiring the certificates without acquiring knowledge, skills and competencies (pg. 8). It becomes important to say here that if Nigeria as a nation is to be a developed and modern nation, it needs to be rational. A rational society is one which regards people as having the knowledge and ability to control their own destinies. Controlling ones de stiny without depending on other countries for ones basic needs is self-reliance, a supposed target or goal of technology education.Consequently, the focus now should be acquisition of thorough knowledge, skills, competencies and know-how capable of transforming and promote people to develop openness to new experience, readiness to social change, placing higher(prenominal) value on technology education and aspiring to high levels of industrial attainment, understanding the logic underlying production and industry placing high value on technical skill and accepting it as a basis for the distribution of rewards, and a basic trust in the calculating of the surround world, and that people and institutions can be relied upon to meet their obligations.Conclusion Attaining national development depends on three things that are considered most important. One is that education, particularly technology education which is the source of high levels of human capital accumulation, should be heavi ly invested in to generate the human resources Nigeria needs as the engine for growth. There should be active government involvement or intervention that will encourage enormous investments in human capital, educating large skilled manpower able to absorb and adapt the most advanced technology.Secondly, Nigerians should know that modern societies are science and technology driven. There is no reason why we cannot set up target year for achieving technology education for all. Such focus will make Nigerians think scientifically and technologically, the resultant effects of which will be change in our attitude and belief system, worthwhile social, economic, political and cultural lives, culminating into poverty alleviation, economic progress that will touch millions of Nigerians.Thirdly, irrespective of the level of education, the students are the core input into our educational institutions and the quality of the output (students) depends largely on the provision of infrastructures capable of directly or indirectly supporting, facilitating, influencing and support the development of their potentials. Therefore, the knowledge, skills, competences and attitudes students acquire for life can make them fit into the cultural, social, economic and political contexts of the society in which they live, and to work and employment.It can all be summarily put that quality of education is reflected in the fit between, on the one hand, the expectations of society expressed in the general and specific objective of education, and on the other, the actual characteristics of the educational process (technology education) and the changes observed at the students level. References Adeogun, A. A. (2003). economics of education. Lagos Olatunji produce Press. Ajelabi, A. (2000). Essentials of educational technology. Lagos Raytel Communications Ltd. Bannock, A. O. (1977).Modern technology and students instinct development. New York McGreen Publishing Company. Bosah, H. O. N. (199 7). Improving school plant provision and administration in Nigeria school. N. I. Ogbonnaya and C. L. Ajagbaonwu (Eds. ) study concepts and issues in educational administration. NAEP Publication. Ibadan Awemark Industrial Printers. Busari, O. O. (2004). Towards a rethink of science and technology education in Nigeria. Ejiogu A. (ed. ) Nigerian education and challenges of the 21st century. Lagos Faculty of Education, University of Lagos.Cambridge International Dictionary of English (1996). Cambridge Cambridge University Press, pp. 377. Collins English Dictionary (2005). Glasgow Harper Collins Publishers, pp. 443, 449, 1675. Coombs, Y. (1991). What is planning? Paris IIEP UNESCO. Ehiametalor, E. T. (2001). School facilities Management practice in Nigeria. N. A. Nwaguru, E. T. Ehiametalor, and M. A. Ogunu, M. Nwadiani (Eds. ) incumbent issues in educational management in Nigeria. Benin City, Nigeria Nigerian Association for educational Administration and Planning. Ejiogu, A. (ed. ) (2 004).Nigerian education and challenges of the 21st century. Lagos Faculty of Education, University of Lagos. Madumere, S. C. (1997). Educational planning and manpower development. Lagos Samuel Printing Press. Nwagwu, N. A. (1978). Primary school administration. Beverly Hills Sage Publications. Odeyemi, O. (1996). Technology as a vehicle for qualitiative education in Nigeria. Technology education Today 6(1 & 2), pp. 49 52. Ogunranti, A. (1988). Educational technology and curriculum development. Ogunranti, A. (ed. ) Problems and prospects of educational technology in Nigeria.Ibadan Heinemann. Oguntoye, A. O. O. (2004). Education for national development self reliance in a deregulated economy. A paper presented at the 1st national conference of the School of proficient Education, Federal College of Education (Technical), Akoka. Subair, S. O. (2007). Infrastructure, students welfare and students motivation to learn in universities. An unpublished post-field report paper presented at t he departmental seminar of the Educational Administration Department, University of Lagos, Akoka. Ukeje, B. O. (1991).Educational technology in the new national system of education. In Ajelabi, A. (2005). Essentials of educational technology. Lagos Raytel Communications, p. 18. United Nations (2001). Road map towards the implementation of the United Nations millennium declaration. Retrieved Sept. 17, 2008 from http//www. un. org. /millenniumgoal. United Nations Development Programme (2003). Human development report. New York University Press for UNDP. United Nations (2005). capital of Indonesia Declaration on Millennium Development Goals in Asia and the pacific The way forward 2015, Jakarta, 5 August 2005.

Mkt Research

sagaciousness operation 1 1. 1 In bustleducting look for on behalf of your arranging or for a client geological coifion, what factors could mold the choice of cites utilize? The intention of the query and also the types of w ars and services. 1. 2 wherefore ordure selective information and teaching cross-checks and cross-references be requisite when doing enquiry? It is authorised not to rely on a single piece of entropy if you merchantman avoid it, so also look for corroborating evidence unless the source is absolutely unimpeachable.Use good sources or cross-check and find supporting information wherever possible. Knowing how selective information was obtained is central to knowing its value. If the information comes from a canvas look to find the sample source and size. judicial decision practise 2 2. 1 Scenario You take been asked to conduct investigate on behalf of the nerve for which you work. why is desk question the first research you should und ertake? Their relative scummy cost, they can be an efficient use of time and they avoid duplicating research that has already been undertaken by opposites. . 2 What desk research sources could you use to compile and mould info? Comp some(prenominal) reports Data from previous research 2. 3 Why should your desk research complicate the collection and psychoanalysis of info relative to the organizations current and past performance? It will help concern in the growth of effectual and useable hypotheses, accurately targeting research, designing and developing research tools. There is no point earning information on the migration patterns of flamingos if the come with is in the business of making clothes for the larger male.That is an inconclusive physical exertion, notwithstanding if there ar even subtle diversions between the company mission and your data gathering, you will be off track and have wasted energy and resources. Assessment Activity 3 Describe and beg off the reporting formats that you have used or might follow when submitting desk research results. Norm every(prenominal)y each company has its own template but typically use chart and graphs besides tables and texts is a preferred way in most companies as it is clearer and more pronto understandable. Assessment exertion 4 4. 1 Give 3 examples of hypotheses that you have used (or could use) when conducting aliment market research.Salary case will increase loyalty and productivy at work Uncontrolled media undermines classless government Plain packaging will not reduce the gross revenue of cigarette. 4. 2 How do these hypotheses help to focus the research? A shot will help to focus your research. It will help to guide the development of a research project and aid you in determining the centering you need to take and the questions to which you need answers. Assessment employment 5 5. 1 Why might a researcher choose to conduct qualitative research rather than quantitative resear ch?Qualitative analysis appends information on how customers perceive a business, how they rate it in comparison to competitors and whether they opticalize to buy the organization products/services in the future. Also dealing with opinions, attitudes and behavior. 5. 2 Which method/s might be used to collect the data and why would you consider these to be the most appropriate? Processes used to collect customer information can include questionnaire fields, face-to-face, written, and electronic or call off look into methods observational surveys focus groups product test results retail audits.Data can also be collected, via desk research, from government organizations such as the Bureau of Statistics, the count Bureau, from media companies, chambers of commerce, other research organizations or from university databases. 5. 3 What groups would you target and why? Customers, previous customers, stakeholders are often the target in a research, but it always depends on the informat ion the company requests on its research. 5. 4 let off what a measure of central determination is and how it is used in analyzing market research data. Are measures used to locate the middle points of a distribution.The entertain (average-obtained from adding all variables and dividing by the number of variables used), median (variable at the centre of the range) and modality (most frequently occurring variables are measures of central tendency). They serve to identify the points between the extremes. As an example, if a survey asked users of a certain product their age, measures of central tendency help to catch out the typical age of the user. The youngest might be 10 years and the oldest 70. However, the values in between these extremes are the most utile for the marketer.Knowing that the mean (or average) age is 32, the median 34 and the mode 31, 32 and 35, omen that typical age of a user is early thirties. Assessment activity 6 Complete the following table Method for col lecting your data Circumstance for choosing this method Reason for choosing this method Telephone survey outstanding number of responses to a small number of questions required in a short period of time. Efficiency and low cost per response. Responses can be qualified if necessary and data entry is immediate. Focus group rough-and-ready when qualitative data is required.Can be expensive but can provide effective results. Effective results and efficient scribe. Formal questionnaires Inexpensive way to gather responses from a large number of respondents. Effectively and can gather information to correlate performance and satisfaction among different groups of users. Simple observational survey Simplistic methods of conducting market research. Can provide valuable and useful data. furbish up who purchases what from where. Mystery shopping observation Actual experience of the service Is necessary from a trained observer Product testing New product valuation Opinions for impr ovement Informal discussion and feedback forms. Gives you a simple and quickly answers. Efficiently way and cheap processes which gives you answers in a short time. Assessment activity 7 Why is it essential that market research plans expose that they will collect information that will enable clear assignment of customer ineluctably, wants and expectations? It can be used to identify problems, strengths, potential markets, needs for neuter or to forecast sales of new or change products/services.Customer focus is essential for success in the highly competitive markets of today. It should portray to the organization exactly what is their customers or potencial customers require of them. Assessment activity 8 & 9 8/9a Explain how you might identify respondents for a product/ service survey. You can identify thru some surveys, segments and samples, questionnaires, focus groups and research such as Geographic class Demographic segmentation Psychographic segmentation Beliefs a nd values Lifestyle segmentation stage of life 8/9bWhich of the following are relevant in identifying and selecting respondents for marketing research Respondent attribute On a scale of 1-5 where 1 is all-important(a) and 5 is not important rate the importance (circle or make bold or delete unselected ) A customer 2 3 4 5 A potential customer 2 3 4 5 Not a customer 1 2 4 5 Was selected at random 1 2 4 5 Was a stakeholder 1 2 3 4 5 essential an incentive to bother 1 2 4 5 Was kindle 1 3 4 5 Had the time and was available 1 3 4 5 Was someone who disliked the products 1 2 4 5 Assessment activity 10Why is preparation of facilities and equipment in deftness for the research procedure important? Preparation is the key to effective data collection. Staff should be fully informed about what is required, must be appropriately trained and must be supplied with the necessary resources. Assessment activity 11 11. 1 What reports might an organization ask to be submitted afterwards the surveying process has been completed? What types of information would the report contain? create verbally responses, verbal recordings, e-mail, postal results or data and sets of come collected as a result of focus groups or testing groups. Information like- numbers of respondents ease with which respondents were contacted -ease with which respondents were encouraged to participate -ease with which respondents were able to use the survey format -numbers of responses in various information collection categories suitability of the survey questions and other resources -costs applicable to the survey a general assessment of the success of the survey -problems or issues that were identified during the research -suggestions for improvements to the research process. 11. 2 How might survey tools be kept confidential and accessible only to authorized flock? Safe Locks on door Passwords Assessment activity 12 12. What procedures should be followed to check the quality of the data co llected during market research? flavor of the data collect will have to be considered and will include Quantity, Type of responses and Depth of responses. Ask Did the survey questions elicit the necessary data? Is there enough significant and useful data to support or reject the original hypotheses? Were the respondents properly targeted? Were respondents correctly qualified? Is the data useful and does it meet its intended purpose? Can the data be good playing area to produce the necessary information? 12. 2 Why are quality checks necessary?The quality of the data should be checked as early as possible because decisions depend on valid and reliable data. Data quality can be assessed in several ways, using different types of analyses frequency counts, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and median), mean(prenominal)ity (skewness, kurtosis, frequency histograms, normal probability plots), associations (correlations, scatter plots). Other initial data quality checks are Checks on data cleaning have decisions influenced the distribution of the variables? The distribution of the variables beforehand data cleaning is compared to the distribution of the variables after data cleaning to incur whether data cleaning has had unwanted effects on the data. Analysis of lacking(p) observations are there many absent values, and are the values missing at random? The missing observations in the data are analyzed to see whether more than 25% of the values are missing, whether they are missing at random (MAR), and whether some form of imputation (statistics) is needed. Analysis of extreme observations outlying(prenominal) observations in the data are analyzed to see if they seem to overturn the distribution. Comparison and correction of differences in coding schemes variables are compared with coding schemes of variables remote to the data set, and possibly corrected if coding schemes are not comparable. Assessment activity 13Select a market re search project from your experience or elsewhere. Explain how the data for this project was aggregated and summated and why it is necessary to summarise the data. Answer is enterprise and experience dependent so use an example We had done a random sampling with our product which is a Brazilian meat. So we go to a night clubs early night and adduce some of our product to customers and give them a sample of our meat and also a voucher which gives them the opportunity to come to our restaurant and enjoy our food with 20 % off discount. So when them coming back to the restaurant we can analyze the number of respondents by noting the number of vouchers collected and wrote a report.Assessment activity 14 Describe software packages or filing constitutions that could be used to record and manage research data. (Suggest search of www for brand names) SPSS is a computer program used for survey authoring and deployment, data mining, text analytics, statistical analysis and collaboration an d deployment. MS Access is a database management system from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user port wine and software-development tools. Minitab is a statistics package. Assessment activity 15 15. 1 Describe a format that might be commonly used in an organization to present research reports. Suggestion search of www for examples) Title rogue destines name and type of study, date, who produced it and for whom Table of contents Executive summary legal brief statement summarizing reports main points Introduction details research projects background and objectives enquiry methods strategies and techniques used and why Study data includes all relevant charts, diagrams, tables and study results Recommendations / Conclusions Appendices 15. 2 Under what circumstances might you use charts and graphs? Give examples of the data that might be represented by specific chart or graph formats. Most common are graphs, pie cha rts, tables, histogram, time line.To compare whats the proposed now and what was the beginning of the research is important to use charts and graphs, also to determine whether the research has highlighted any threats, opportunities, weaknesses, problems associated with the product/service/company under review. 15. 3 Why is it a good idea to utilize charts, graphs and other visual presentations of data? They can easily show results and statistics data also show changes, percentages, compare 2 data sources and make clearly if you need any kind of changes. 15. 4 How can a force field analysis assist in presenting data relative to proposed change and how does market research data contribute to the analysis? In determining whether a change is necessary, list the forces the change and those opposing the change.Balance them against each other to determine the necessary outcome. This is very much like a pros and cons list. It shows whether the forces for or conditions requiring change are g reater than those for not changing. It is important to keep in mind that the purpose of the exercise is to make the information clear, unambiguous and easy to understand. 15. 6. To whom might an organizations research report and findings be submitted? Whoever asked for the research and anyone they said to give a copy to. 16 Additional Questions get to two Quantitative questions, one using a scale some other using check boxes 1- How useful to you was the orientation session at the College? amuse circle the number that best represents your opinion) Extremely Not at all Useful Useful 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2- Did you know that when you recommend the college to someone and they then levy in a course you can receive a $ three hundred finders bonus? Yes ____ No _____ Create two different qualitative questions 1 Can you describe the orientation session at the college? 2 How you find out about the money you receive for recommend the college?

Chem 30 Lab

Hess Law Lab DESIGN outlook 1 puzzle What is the counterspyar enthalpy of formation of magnesium oxide? Variables Manipulated None Responding None Controlled closing off of calorimeter, concentrations of fondnesss involved. Aspect 2Background Information Assumptions Specific heat capableness of water, we bust that the acid has the same qualities as water including heat capacity, and we assume the enthalpy of formation for magnesium oxide from the data booklet for theoretical value.Hesss Law Hess law states that the energy change for any chemical or physical process is independent of the pathway or number of steps required to complete the process provided that the final and sign reaction conditions be the same. In other words, an energy change is path independent, only the initial and final states being of importance. Waste disposal and safety Corrosive substance which causes severe but delayed burns. DO NOT INGEST. Avoid Inhalation. prompt as instructed by the lab technician or the teacher. Aspect 3frame-up Diagram Figure from Inquiry into chemistry textbook pg 352Materials 1. 00 mol/L HCl(aq) MgO(s) powder milligram ribbon Simple calorimeter 100 mL gradational cylinder Scoopula Electric balance Thermometer Sand paper Procedure 1. Mg(s)+ O2(g) MgO(s) 2. MgO(s)+2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq)+ piss(l) 3. Mg(s)+2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq)+H2(g) 4. H2(g)+ O2(g) H2O(l) + 285. 8kJ area 1 Determining ? H of Reaction (2) 1. Set up the transparent calorimeter refer to figure 9. 16 above. Using a graduated cylinder, check 100 mL of 1. 00mol/L HCl(aq) to the calorimeter. 2. usher the initial temperature of the HCl(aq) to the nearest ordinal of a degree. 3.Find the mass of no more than 0. 80 grams of MgO(s) powder. accede exact mass. 4. Add the MgO(s) powder to the calorimeter containing the HCl(aq) swirl the antecedent gently, recording the highest temperature reached. 5. slash as directed by teacher. Part 2 Determining ? H of reaction (3) 1. Using a graduated cylinder, add 100mL of 1. 00mol/L HCl to the calorimeter. 2. Record initial temp. of hydrochloric acid to the nearest tenth of a degree. 3. If you are victimisation magnesium ribbon, sand ribbon to desired mass. Determine mass no more than 0. 50 grams of magnesium.Record the exact mass. 4. Add the Mg(s) to the calorimeter containing the HCl(aq). Swirl the solution gently, recording the highest temperature, tf , reached. 5. Dispose as directed. DATA COLLECTION & PROCESSING (DCP) Aspect 1Recording Raw Data Temperature of hydrochloric acid and mass of Magnesium oxide sess of Magnesium oxide (g)Initial Temperature (C)Final Temperature (C) 0. 7523. 5029. 50 Temperature of hydrochloric acid and mass of magnesium Mass of magnesium (g)Initial Temperature (C)Final Temperature (C) 0. 4824. 0045. 00 Aspect 2Processing Raw Data heat content change of Magnesium oxide MgO(s)+2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq)+H2O(l) Q=mc? t ? t= 29. 50C-23. 50C? t = 6 C Q= (0. 00075kg) x x 6C Q= 0. 018855kJ/mol MgO Enthalpy change of magnes ium reaction Mg(s) +2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq)+H2(g) Q=mc? t ? t=45. 00C-24. 00C? t= 21C Q= (0. 00048kg) x x 21C Q= 0. 0422352kJ/mol Mg ?HH2O = -285. 8 kJ/mol (given in data booklet) ?Hrxn = 0. 018855kJ/mol MgO + 0. 0422352kJ/mol Mg + 285. 8kJ/mol H2O ?Hrxn = 285. 86109 kJ/mol MgO ? H system = -? H surroundings %error= x 100% %error= %error= -52. 48%

Operational Management Theory of Constraints Essay

The theory of constraints is a management doctrine which was developed by Goldratt in 1986. It is based on identifying the limiting factors/constraints in a system which may hinder it from achieving its intended goals. It states that for such a system to improve, the constraint must be identified and dealt with accordingly. oppugn one.The major(ip) cause of the backlog at the BCMC magnetic resonance imaging clinic is due to the low productiveness of the MR machine and the heavy overtime schedule which strains the MR technologist and leads to scanning of lesser patients per hour. Although the machine is designed to make one scan per hour, it is not showdown this target due to various limiting factors such as poor communication between the patient and the hospital scan- programming surgical incision which has led to involvement and overbooking of patients at the wrong times. This has resulted in the clinic having too many patients which it is unable to handle.Question two.The major problem of this process lies in the clinics scheduling department which makes so many mistakes when booking the appointments for the patients scanning. This system unlike previous MRI providers does not handle the scheduling leaving all the workload to the scheduling department and this has proved to be quite hectic for them.Question three. fit in to the radiology department manager, the clinic should consider hiring some other MR technologist to ease the military press on the present technologist and improve the lead-time. In increase, the clinic should consider introducing another shift may be in the early hours of the evening in order to ensure that more patients are attended to per twenty-four hours.In addition to the above recommendation, as Kevin and/or David i would recommend that more incentives be given to Jeff the MR technologist for every extra time he puts in. This would spark off him to work more thus maximizing the number of scans he performs per day and it will he lp a great deal in lessen the backlog.