Small Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Small Business - Essay ExampleThe college has collar faculty member batches out of which two were in post graduation, one in under graduation with a sum total of 150 students supported with 30 teaching method staff and non-teaching staff. The students have to take a ten minutes walk if they want to board any transport means, to eat, to shop anything for their stay in the campus hostel.The working(a) hours starts at 930 am in the morning breaks for a lunch at 1240pm with a break in between at 1115am.The College has a dining hall to cater the food facilities daily for both day scholars and hostellers. The payment is done monthly to the caterers .food is served only at three times a day morning breakfast, launch and dinner. A person doesnt get any snacks or eateries in between the sessions, as there was no facility in the campus other than the dining hall.The dining hall became a profit making entity for the caterers, as there is no other option to get hold of for the students and the staff working in the campus. The caterers have a confined market avenue with an assured customer base and started responding to their requirements. The caterers are having monopoly in this food religious service as there is only having sole business entity in the campus.

Week 4 (my part of team assignment) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 4 (my part of team assignment) - Essay ExampleThe first scenario that will be analyzed is cipher growth.Under the cero growth scenario the company during the next 5 years will maintain a constant gross sales level. An economist might pass on that in reality a company that achieves zero growth loses because during those five years inflation occurred. At the US 2.3% annual rate of inflation the cumulative inflation after five years would be 11.5%. This means that the company lost 11.5% in purchasing power at the end of the five years. If sales stayed the same the company would be worst off after five years because expenses increased due to inflation. The company can offset the detrimental perfume on cost inflation has by implementing process improvement that reduce the cost of doing business. To maintain a stable level of sales over a five year period the company must achieve a good customer retention rate.The second scenario is for Larson Inc. to decrease its sales over the five year period. The world is currently facing the effects of a global recession that started approximately 2008. The US GPD growth for the 2nd quarter of 2010 was 2.4% (Amadeo, 2010). Despite the economic system having achieved a positive overall growth there are many problems with the US economy. In the United States the unemployment rate is at a massive 9.9% rate. In the past the unemployment rate in the United States always used to hover below 5%. This means that unemployment is twice as high as it was a few years ago. Larson produces batteries for the regular household consumers. If these people have less money available then they will purchases less batteries. The unemployment rate in Germany is high than in the United States at a 10.8% rate. If the level of sales of Larsen Inc. decreases for the next five years the company and its managers are going to face some spoiled decisions. Massive layoffs of personnel are a high possibility. The company might have to sacrifice qu ality by purchasing cheaper quality materials for

Modern Art as Passion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Modern Art as Passion - Essay ExampleThe essay Modern Art as Passion investigates modern wile and artists such as Kurt Schwitters, Vladimir Tatlin, Andre Breton etc. Schwitters constructed three memorable versions of Merzbau which is a gigantic conglomeration of trash and useless objects. He first constructed it in Germany, then in Norway and finally in England where he died. The project was said to be an architectural undertaking which involves two dimensions dimension 1 consisted of a crafted architectural structure from wood, plaster pee and build up along multiple irregular axes and dimension 2, has an inner core which is a formless accretion of discarded random objects and fragments. Vladimir Tatlin is a Russian artist who rejected the role of being the father of constructivism. In the 1920s, he was regarded as the man who led art into industrial and technological construction in Western Europe. His art, the Corner Relief is a type of art piece which slung on ropes and cables at some distance from any wall. His works were often designated as abstracts which have been a visual essay on representation and reality, while other are just simply meaningful in a smorgasbord of ways. Andre Breton, a French writer, poet and surrealist theorist was born in Normandy who studied medicine and psychiatry. Known as the founder of surrealism, he defined the term in his work pure psychic automatism. He also wrote the Surrealist Manifesto in 1924. Although he studied medicine and psychiatry, he realized that his true vocation was poetry.

History of the Catholic Church on the Death Penalty Research Paper

History of the Catholic Church on the Death penalization - Research Paper ExampleIt is obvious that many deep down the Catholic church are against the death penalty. But the church as of today has not frittern any official stance. History of the Catholic Church on the death penalty Introduction From the beginning there has been a battle within the Catholic Church on whether the Church should digest the use of upper-case letter punishment or not. In the Catechism of the Catholic Church, it seems clear that the churchs response should be to support the use of capital punishment, as long as it is done justly and all efforts are made to guarantee that an innocent man or adult female is not put to death. Recently, popes and some of the bishops in the United States, have started to campaign against the use of the death penalty. It seems clear that these individuals are not denying the compatibility of capital punishment with Catholic teaching, but instead have just begun to argue aga inst its use for a variety of personal reasons. This paper looks at the history of the Catholic Church on the death penalty and notes how it has changed over time. Early History The first real testimony against the use of the death penalty can be found in the Montanist works of Tertullian. Tertullian writing sometime between 197 and 207 composed De Idololatria. In this, Tertullian states in chapter seventeen that even if the servant of God appeals to the power of the state, he should not suppose capital sentences. Following up on Tertullian, Lactantius writing about 305 to 323, wrote Divinae Institutiones. In this Lactantius states that when God prohibited murder, this also refers to the men who administer the death penalty (Bockle & Pohier 46). Lantantiuss billet was clear a man could not even charge or be charged with a capital offense. After Tertullian and Lantantius others began to write on the subject. Felix in his work Octavius V, written around 225, states that it is wrong for the church to assist in the killing of man, or even to listen to an account of it. In the Canons of Hippolytus II, 16, Hippolytus in a more ancient Egyptian tradition states that whoever holds the power of the sword, and the judge who proceeds over capital cases, should renounce their office or be excluded from the catechism (Bockle & Pohier 47). In the same vein, The Council of Elvira in 305 ordered that all the duumvirate magistrates should not enter a church during their years of office, even though they were not required to pronounce capital sentences (Bockle & Pohier 47). The church had a problem here as to how it could support the right of the state to execute the hardened criminal, but deny to those who enforce the law the rights and privileges of the church. Ambrose, a former imperial officer, saw this and in or about the year 385 wrote to the Magistrate Studius about just this issue. In this letter Ambrose stated that Romans 13 recognizes the states power to take life, but he also goes on to hypothecate that we should imitate Christ in his forgiveness of the adulteress. In Ambroses mind he could not find a solution to the churchs dilemma. Augustine was to follow Ambrose in his writings in his De Libero Arbitrio. In this Augustine stated that the death penalty is a commandment of God. However Augustine was to go on to say in the

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example for Free

Rhetorical Analysis EssayMcDonalds is commonly known as a satisfying fast aliment restaurant that can be found all over the United States. It has gr eject tasting food and a warm, fun environment for parents and children. McDonalds continuously tries to be portrayed as a healthy, happy, and family friendly setting to attract their intended audience but in reality, this food is extremely bad to eat. They provide commercials and advertisements that opine very appealing to the human eye because the meals they sell are commonly eaten in the United States.Between the food and the environment, it is hard to pass up a trip to this restaurant. They are most famous for their burgers, fries, and milkshakes which are typical meals that young kids and their parents bid to snack on without realizing how unhealthy they can be. Ronald McDonald, the restaurants character, is an interesting man that looks like a clown, which is an attraction to a little kid that wants to eat there. McDonalds is a great example of how restaurants say and do whatever it takes to get to a greater extent customers victimisation pathos and ethos.McDonalds puts out commercials where all their customers parents and children, look extremely happy and healthy when in this atmosphere. The indoor playgrounds and appealing food make it count like it is cardinal of the best places to eat out, but customers do not realize that what they see in this advertisement is too good to be true. The people may seem to look friendly and skinny on television and on billboards, but in reality, those that eat at McDonalds all the time are not in shape and most likely do not feel good about their health.This chain restaurant uses the technique of pathos to try to attract more customers by making the people in the commercials look as if they feel great and make them look overly happy to be eating this food. Those that eat at this restaurant are really looking for cheap food on the go. McDonalds is very well known in the country to have fairly priced, good tasting food. Those that have experienced eating here know it tastes good and those who have not tried it yet, have heard about it, so it is safe to conclude that they use the technique of ethos as well.Reputation in any restaurant is important because if there is a bad reputation no one will want to eat there Although the food at McDonalds tastes exceptionally good, they are falsely advertising the environment that this restaurant brings about. It may be delicious but it is necessary to make sure that people know it is not good for them and can be very detrimental to their health. McDonalds incorporates pathos and ethos in order to advertise the best way they possibly can to attract the customers and to make more money.

Household Behavior and Consumer Choice Essay Example for Free

Household Behavior and Consumer Choice EssayIssues of household expression and consumer choices, equivocation in the field of micropolitical economy. Microeconomics, some beats called the price theory is a branch of economics that concerns itself with the study of how households, individuals, and firms make their own private decisions on how to allocate just now resources. In this research paper, I volition seek to apply economic theories and mostly the consumer theory to analyze these decisions and their personal incumbrances on purpose, interests and wages. ANALYSIS DEFINITIONS HOUSEHOLD mienHousehold behavior is principally viewed and analyzed as the theory of consumer demand of various commodities or generally household consumption. In addition to this household behavior also concerns itself with production of commodities or services and the supply of labor by households. Consumer demand on the other hand concerns itself with how demand functions for various commoditi es are derived. This stock is done considering the rational choice model based on utility maximization. In this analysis, economic constraints like budgets, income and commodity prices are considered for specific households.The consumer theory studies the turn off of household likes and preferences applying indifference curves as well as budget constraints and relates these preferences to consumes demand curves. There are many economic variables that are used in the analysis of these preferences. Among the major variables, include the price per unit of a certain dear(p) and the money incomes of the specific consumers. A change in the price of a good usually has two major effects. Firstly, there is the substitution effect and secondly there is the income effect. The substitution effect usually arises from the relative change in prices of consumer goods.On the other hand, the income effect arises from changes in the purchasing power of the available money wage or income. The diag ram below depicts the relationship between consumer demand and prices by dint of indifference curves given budget constraints. When the price of good Y increases, the budget line will shift from BC2 to BC1. This is because when the price of good y increases households will sully less of the good still they will still buy the same quantity of good X as long as they wish. In allege to maximize his or her utility the consumer will have to move from indifference curve I2 to I1.By doing this the consumer will be able to enjoy his/her preferences as normal. incase the price of commodity Y decreases the budget line or the budget constraint will move from BC1 to BC2. This is because the consumer will now be able to obtain more of commodity y while at the same time enjoying the same amount of good X. in the same case, the consumer in order to maximize his/her utility will move from indifference curve I1 to I2. The same scenario will be applicable for price changes of good X. The income effect The income effect is depicted in the diagram below.An increase or decrease of the consumers disposable income will cause a parallel shift of the consumers budget constraint. An increase in the disposable income will cause the budget constraint to shift to the right while a decrease in the income will cause the budget constraint to shift to the left. This applies for normal goods since the indifference curves will react differently for inferior goods and Giffen goods (goods with a snob appeal). For inferior goods as the income increases, less of the commodity will be consumed. This is because the increased income will cause the consumers to seek higher or better goods.For Giffen goods as the income, increases the amount of goods purchased may every increase or remain the same. Generally, the effects can be summed up to the substitution effect and the income effect. The substitution effect usually is a price change that affects the slope of the budget line (constraint), but le aves the consumer on the same equilibrium indifference curve. In cases where the good in question is a normal good then the price effect will outweigh the substitution effect, but in cases where the good is an inferior good then the substitution effect will outweigh the price effect.Leisure-labor tradeoff The time that any consumer has to allocate for different purposes is called time endowment. The price of leisure is analyzed using the consumer theory, with some slight adjustments. In this case, leisure is assumed to be a good and consumption is considered to be another good. Since consumers have scarce and finite time then they will have to choose between leisure, which earns no money, and consumption of labor that earns an income.Regardless of this trade off the change in the unit price of leisure will have a huge effect on the wricking time since a reduction or an increase in the price of labor will lead to less work and more work respectively. Wage and interest rates Wages ca n be analyzed both as a cause and as effect of consumer behavior. They are a cause in the sense that as wages increase so does the consumption of households increase. On the other hand, wages can be viewed as an effect of consumption behavior since they are indirectly determined by the consumer price index. Both real and nominal interest rates are affected by consumer behaviors.Depending on the liquidity within the economy, the consumption behavior of households can cause an increase or decrease in the level of interest rates. Conclusion some variables that are dealt with in microeconomics usually have an indirect effect in the field of macroeconomics. The determination of the national income do consider the value that households contribute either in the form of consumption or services that they render. In addition to this, the level of inflation is also slightly affected by the consumption and uptake behaviors of the households.Consumer theory plays a very important role in expla ining household behaviors. However, the field of macroeconomics also needs to be keenly looked at since it deals with economic aggregates.ReferencesMankiw, N. G. (2004), Principles of economics (3rd Ed. ), Chicago, ILLIOIS Thomson South-Western McWilliams Gary. Analyzing Customers the wall street journal,Monday, November 8, 2004. Available athttp//online. wsj. com/article/SB109986994931767086. html Philip Hardwick (1982), an Introduction to Modern Economics, Longman, U. K

Attachment Theory and Community Development Theory

adhesion Theory and club of interests study TheoryThe Practical and Theoretical Applications of Attachment Theory and residential district Development Theory in Social WorkSocial work theories are extremely helpful in placing certain problem situations in context, and relations with those situations. Two theories, Attachment Theory and fellowship Development Theory, will be get off the groundicularly helpful in analyzing the case of Dave and Jenny, a married couple in their early twenties, who live on a capital of the United Kingdom housing estate with their dickens children, Sean (aged four) and Sarah (aged two). Dave works irregularly as a labourer, and spends a good spate of his wages each week at the pub and at the bookies. This causes tension in their marriage, including repeated rows and occasional violence. The family have rent arrears and hire purchase debts, and they recently received a letter from a loan company threatening to repossess somewhat of their waitly ty. Most of their problems are about money, and each blames the other for Seans willful and aggressive behaviour at the local daylight nursery. A mother and toddlers group was offered for Sarah, and was never taken up. Both Dave and Jenny would interchange equal to(p) help with their financial difficulties, and Jenny would like their relationship to improve. Dave claims that the only thing wrong with their relationship is their lack of intimacy since Sarah was born. The family was referred by the Health Visitor, who felt the familys problems were bear upon Sarah.The first possibleness is question is Attachment Theory. Intimate relationships with others are the context in which we discover who we are, learn how others feel about lifes principal(prenominal) issues, and how to bridge differences (Waters, Merrick, Treboux, Crowell and Albersheim, 684). The emotional security and warmth derived from a loving parent provides us with a foundation from which we go off take the risks that are inevitably place of life (Bornstein and Tamis-LeMonda, 1990). In short, close relationships between babies and their care break offrs are central to human life, and the theory of bond is about these relationships how they are formed, what happens during the relationship with the nurturing parent, and what the consequences are for later phylogeny (Ainsworth, 969 )If we begin life with an become of successful closeness, we are better able to create closeness in our relationships with friends and partners. The connection between caregiver and child realises the two will remain near each other physically, but at the same time, the security of this closeness creates the courage the child needs to venture fore into the world (Waters etc. et al., 686). Secure attachment therefore actually facilitates in playence as well as the formation of an autonomous self (Weinfield, Sroufe and Egeland, 687).Attachment theory proposes that the maintenance of bonds, particularly the bond b etween a mother and her young child, is essential to the survival of the human species and a compelling individual need (Belsky and Nezworski, 1988). An attachment may be defined as an affectional tie that one person or animal forms between himself and a nonher specific one a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time (Ainsworth, 989).Secure attachment provides the foundation for positive growth. It is therefore essential that all children have the hazard to enjoy such relationships. The key factor for the caregiver is sensitive antiphonaryness the ability to attune to the child and respond to their signals (Caruso, 121). The childs responsiveness is as well an important contributor to the process. Attachment problems are more than than likely to arise with difficult babies. Research has established a clear link between sterilise attachment and other developmental processes, in particular language development, exploratory behaviour and socially appropriate be haviour (Belsky and Nezworski, 1988). The desire to gain the approval of adults is a powerful motivation in learning to control equally powerful but less desirable urges (Bornstein and Tamis-LeMonda, 1990). For children learn to take care of themselves only as well as they have been cared for, and attentive care fosters self regard, self protection and self control, fostering a view of the world as responsive and caring (Weinfeld, etc. et al., 200).The unspoiltly attached child has formed the mental image of the self as a cared about person in concurrence with the mother or other partner as a caring person, which enables the child to tolerate being separated from the caregiver, both physically and mentally, without anxiety change magnitude enough to disrupt play (Rutter, 267). In the simplest foothold, securely attached toddlers are more independent than insecurely attached ones.Attachment is the laboratory of human connection, the experience that prepares us for a life in which we have the opportunity to thrive (Bowlby, 1988). As part of our general duty to protect the young, we must alimentation them in these early important relationships and do whatever we can to preserve the family relationships that support them. The attachment process is based on fine-tuning the relationship between caregiver and child, and octuple difficulties may arise in any situation. Separation due to illness, depression, stress and tension within the family may make it difficult for the primary caregiver and/or child to respond to each other (Ainsworth, 1009). Where the environment is chaotic and the primary caregiver is not available to the child secure attachment will not be possible. Failure to accomplish the goals of the parent-child relationship will result in an inadequate attachment relationship, placing the child on a pathway to relationship difficulties throughout life (Bornstein and Tamis-LeMonda, 1990).Here is where our case study comes into play. The problems Sean is having at the day nursery (willful and aggressive behaviour) could very easily be derived from a lack of attachment at home. As evidenced in the preceding paragraphs, Attachment Theory is particularly applicable to difficult children, and there is a direct correlation between secure attachment and appropriate behaviour. This behaviour, in combination with the ability to act independently, is not evidenced by Sean, and, while there is not enough data to support it, could very well be applied to Sarah as well. After all, the reason the family was referred by the Health Visitor was out of concern for her. Furthermore, if Sean isnt receiving the secure attachment he needs, then probably neither is Sarah. It is therefore safe to assume that the tension and chaos of the home environment is having a detrimental affect on Sean and Sarah, especially looking at it from a theoretical standpoint. And unfortunately, while Sean at least has the opportunity to forge positive relationships at t he day care centre, without the proper foundation at home, such relationships are not likely to succeed. Bringing an Attachment Theory standpoint to the attention of Dave and Jenny would be the first mensuration in addressing these problems, followed by a comprehensive plan of action to redress the problems derived from a lack of secure attachment.Another theory that will be efficacious in assessing our case study is Community Development Theory. Since the late nineteenth century, the use of the term community has remained to some extent associated with the hope and the wish of bring around once more the closer, warmer, more harmonious type of bonds between hoi polloi vaguely attributed to past ages(Hoggett, 1997). Before 1910 there was little social science literary productions concerning community, and it was really only in 1915 that the first clear definition emerged, which was coined by C. J. Galpin in relation to delineating bucolic communities in terms of the trade and s ervice areas contact a central village (Harper and Dunham, 19). A number of competing definitions of community quickly followed. Some focused on community as a geographical area, some on a group of people living in a particular place, and others as an area of common life. Community development as a theory and practice centers on community work, organization and participation. As a child needs guidance to develop correctly, communities, too, need mature guidance from experts to ensure the proper developmental trajectory (Almond, 1970). Community development (or building) presents an image of continual improvement and grassroots efforts, using a combination of mental and manual work, with a division of labor within the community, not between the community and the outsiders (Cook, 1979). Community building implies a broad distinguish of participants and a shared vision of what the community should be like in the future, looking at the whole and not just a few parts.When community res idents are addressed in terms of what they can offer rather than what they need to receive, they become active participants in the process of change (Almond, 1970). spell a community is do up of individuals, it is more than the sum of its individual parts. A healthy community is able to use the skills, knowledge and ability of all the people in it to take initiative and to correct in the face of constant change (Morgan, 1942). It requires there to be relationships and communications both inside and outside of the community.There is a generally recognized set of characteristics distinguishing community development, which includeFocus on a unit called community.Conscious attempts to induce non-reversible structural change. Use of paid professionals/workers.Initiation by groups, agencies or institutions impertinent to the community unit.Emphasize public participation.Participate for the purpose of self-help.Increase dependence on participatory democracy as the mode for community (p ublic) decision-making.Use a holistic approach (Lotz, 69)There are legion(predicate) ways to define community. Each of the standard definitions may be sufficient in most situations, but here is a general operational definition A community is a particular type of social system distinguished by the by-line characteristicsPeople involved in the system have a sense and recognition of the relationships and areas of common concerns with other members.The system has longevity, continuity and is expected to persist.Its operations depend considerably on voluntary cooperation, with a minimal use (or threat) of sanctions or coercion.It is multi-functional. The system is expected to produce many things and to be attuned to many dimensions of interactions.The system is complex, can-do and sufficiently large that instrumental relationships predominate.Usually, there is a geographic element associated with its definition and basic boundaries (Christenson and Robinson, 1980).In the context of co mmunity development, development is a conceit associated with improvement. It is a certain type of change in a positive direction. The nature and direction of development can only be made by people according to their own values, aspirations and expectations (Wade, 116). In the case of community systems, this must be a collective judgment. Since people are different in many ways, the chances of finding unanimity about what constitutes improvement are slight (Lotz, 71). Community development builds from this proposition (people are different). Each is distinguishable from all others, indicating that each has something droll about him or her. It also takes the position that each person probably has some bit of information or insight not available to anyone else. While it is impossible to collect and process all the bits of intelligence embodied in the population, it is possible to collect and evaluate more of the diverse intelligence that does exist (Cook, 1979).Community development theory involves certain assumptions about people and the community system. These include the followingPeople are diverse. Community systems can organize to take vantage of that diversity.Community systems are not totalitarian. People have life spaces outside of the community structure.Breadth of experience, intelligence, information and energies represented in a population far-off exceed that which the community system takes into account.People learn from participation in community systems and community systems learn from the participation of people.People are capable of physical exercise a considerable degree of autonomy, while exercising self-restraint required for social order.People have the capacity for a significant level of empathy with others that permits tolerance and voluntary relationships within the community systems.While people prefer justice and fairness in community systems, they often perceive it differently.Imperfections will mark any community system. A degre e of inequity will exist in every community system.Resorting to absolutes is likely to stand in the way of finding applicatory accommodations within the community system.Working from the principle that everyone affected by a decision has a right to participate helps the community system locate areas of barrier and expands the range of potential intelligence available to the system with which to address the situation (Wade, 118).As the situations faced by community systems become more complex and surmount to change, there is need for more and greater variety of intelligence to govern the system (Christenson and Robinson, 1980). Members of the community have been, and are, an underused source of intelligence and information. Open democratic processes give the system access to this reservoir. Participants learn and the system learns. Learning is the requirement for, and the product of, the community development process (Botkins, Elmandjra and Malitza, 1979). And here is where this a pplies to our case study.Dave and Jenny are impudently to their community, and dont know anyone. Therefore, they feel isolated. However, if they were more involved, either with those in their immediate environment, or with their greater surroundings, they would feel more welcome and more part of a whole. With more friends, and more of a sense of community and belonging, they would feel happier, which would no doubt affect their relationship and, subsequently, their relationship with their children. In addition (and more importantly), they would have an incredible resource at their disposal the other members of their community. While the phrase it takes a village is perhaps something of a clich, or something that belongs in rural Africa, it is entirely applicable to countless situations and in a modern context. The fact is, over time, the only way progress has been made is collectively. People, working together, pooling their resources, have been able to make extraordinary progress, the kind which could not have been done alone. And on the surface, while this kind of progress, along with Community Development Theory itself, may seem to apply to big, societal projects like keeping the streets safe or the streets clean, it is relevant to families as well. Raising kids is hard work, and even with systems in place like day care, it is sometimes impossible to do so in ways that are healthy and productive. However, by utilizing ones community, which is chock-full of underused sources (babysitters, teachers, tutors, social programs, civic organizations, churches, etc.), everyone can benefit. And in this case, the advantages for Dave, Jenny, Sean and Sarah are obvious.Issues of family, community poverty and violence are as old as recorded history. Millions of reports of child abuse and neglect are made each year, and these statistics and others reinforce the long held-concerns of the effects of poverty and stress on childrens development. However, the task of discover ing familial and societal causes and consequences are enormously important not only scientifically but morally and practically. They are also among the most difficult types of social work. Both Attachment Theory and Community Development Theory, though vastly different in terms of their goals, applications and functions, are extremely useful in looking at ways to assist and comprehend Jenny and Dave and people like them. Whether at home through secure attachment, or outside the family unit via the community at large, help (and understanding) is at hand.BibliographyAinsworth, Mary D.S. Object Relations, Dependency, and Attachment A Theoretical Review of the Infant-Mother Relationship. Child Development, Vol. 40, 1969.Almond, G. A Functional Approach to Comparative Politics. The Politics of the Developing Areas. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1970.Belsky, J. and Nezworski, T. (eds.). Clinical Implications of Attachment. Hillsdale Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., 1988.Bornstein, Marc, a nd Tamis-LeMonda, Catherine. Activities and Interactions of Mothers and Their Firstborn Infants in the First half a dozen Months of Life Covariation, Stability, Continuity, Correspondence, and Prediction. Child Dev, 1206 (1990).Botkins, James W., Elmandjra, Mahdi and Malitza, Mircea. No Limits to Learning. rude(a) York Pergamon Press, 1979.Bowlby, J. Attachment and Loss Retrospect and Prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), October, 1982.Bowlby, J. A Secure Base Parent-Child Attachment and brawny Human Development. New York Basic Books Inc., 1988.Caruso, D. A. Attachment and Exploration in Infancy Research and Applied Issues. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 4, 1989.Cook, James B. Advocacy of grassroots Citizenship. Journal of Community Development Society. Fall, 1975.Cook, James B. Democracy and Rural Development. University of Missouri-Columbia. Department of Community Development, June 1979.Christenson, James A., and Robinson, Jerry W., Jr. (eds.). Community D evelopment in America. Ames Iowa State University Press, 1980.Harper, E. H. and Dunham, A. Community Organization in Action Basic Literature and Critical Comments. New York Association Press, 1959.Hoggett, P. Contested Communities. Experiences, Struggles, Policies. Bristol Policy Press, 1997.Kopp, Clair B. Trends and Directions in Studies of Developmental Risk. In Threats to Optimal Development Integrating Biological, Psychological, and Social Risk Factors.Nelson, Charles, (ed.). Hillsdale Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994.Lotz, Jim. Training in Community Development. Community Development Journal, 1970.McKnight, John L. Looking at Capacity, Not Deficiency. In Revitalizing Our Cities. Lipsitz, Marc (ed.). New York The Fund for an American Renaissance and the National Center for Neighborhood Enterprise, 1985.Morgan, Arthur E. The Small Community Foundation of Democratic Life. New York Harper and Bros., 1942.Rutter, M. Scientific Foundations of Developmental Psychiatry. London Heinema n, 1979.Schmidt, E. and Eldridge, A. The Attachment Relationship and Child Maltreatment. Infant Mental Health Journal, vol. 7. No. 4, Winter 1986.Sroufe, L.A. and Fleeson, J. Attachment and the Construction of Relationships. InRelationships and Development. Hartup, W. and Rubin, Z. (eds.). Hillsdale Earlbaum, 1986.Wade, Jerry. Felt involve and Anticipatory Needs Reformulation of a Basic Community Development Principle. Journal of the Community Development Society 20, 1989.Waters, E., Merrick, S., Treboux, D., Crowell, J. and Albersheim, L. Attachment Stability in Infancy and Early Adulthood A 20-Year Longitudinal Study. Child Development, 71, 2000.Weinfield, N., Sroufe, L. A. and Egeland, B. Attachment from Infancy to Early Adulthood in a High Risk Sample Continuity, Discontinuity, and their Correlates. Child Development, 71, 2000.