Proposed Mechanisms of Dreaming Essay -- Biology Essays Research Paper

Proposed Mechanisms of Dreaming New physiological discoveries made in the 1950's linked a particular phase of sleep with dreaming (8). This phase of sleep is known as the REM (rapid eye movement) phase. This newly acquired information spawned refreshed interest in the mechanisms (specifically neurophysiological mechanisms) of dreaming. Validity of the physiological and neurobiological approach to dreaming was supported by certain (current) clinically measured and observed behaviors accompanying REM sleep (8). These behaviors or characteristics include: -phasic clusters of extraocular muscles of the eye producing rapid eye movement -generalized activation of the forebrain (cerebral cortex) -phasic activation of the visual pathway -inhibition of sensory input -suppressed motor activity -activation or inhibition of various brain stem neurons. (5) Many of these behavioral markers associated with REM sleep closely dictate or reflect the dream phenomenon. Although the REM sleep phase and the dream state are closely related, REM sleep is not necessary for dreaming. However the prevalence of dreams are certainly greater in REM sleep (3). Some researchers also contend that REM dreams are uniquely different from those reported in non-REM dreams both in content and quality (11,12). Reports from REM sleep awakenings are typically longer, more vivid, and more emotionally charged than non REM sleep reports (2). Non REM sleep reports also reflect a more thought-like rumination, concerned with realistic, "common place" events (2,4,12). For many researchers, REM dreaming is considered the most elaborate or 'true' form of dreaming, especially with regards to the intense level of activation in the brain (2,4,5). According to Al... ...http://amanda.uams.edu/other/epscor/neuro_rf.html 10)2166 NIA-Basic Clinical Research on Sleep and Wakefulness http://research.utmb.edu/starline/research/starfiles/0692166.htm 11)Brain/Body Activity During Sleep and Dreams http://ipp01.sawka.com/spiritwatch/brain.htm 12)Paradigms of Consciousness During Sleep http://wwwusers.imaginet.fr/~ghibelli/dondega.html 13) Carlson,Neil (1998). Physiology of Behavior: Sixth Edition. Allyn and Bacon. Needham Heights, MA. This paper reflects the research and thoughts of a student at the time the paper was written for a course at Bryn Mawr College. Like other materials on Serendip, it is not intended to be "authoritative" but rather to help others further develop their own explorations. Web links were active as of the time the paper was posted but are not updated. http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/serendip/a2z.html

History of Pueblo Revolt Essay

â€Å"Every piece of written history starts when somebody becomes curious and asks questions.†[1] In Weber’s compilation he gathers several of these curious peoples works and binds their writings together to form a sort of continued discussion. Arguing from different sources and coming from different backgrounds, they indubitably arrive at different conclusions. From Garner to Gutià ©rrez and from Chà ¡vez to Knaut, they all are part of a continued dialogue on what that caused the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. By addressing the readings as a sum instead of individual accounts, one can gain a more detailed view. While some poke holes in others theories, most of the time, the writers simply offer different perspectives. The vast range of the arguments speak to the difficulty of the topic. Examining an event (or series of events, as the case may be) 300 years ago is an arduous task, but trying to determine causation of such events is even more cumbersome. Typically numerous factors exist and to give these factors any sort of rankings requires a fair bit of perspiration on the part of the researcher. This essay will attempt to evaluate this eclectic mix of commentaries to sift out the strong arguments from the weak. In 1598, when Juan de Oà ±ate arrived in northern New Mexico with a small group of colonists to Pueblo country, Spain demanded payment of tribute and the friars demanded allegiance of religion. For over 80 years Spanish lived with Pueblo before the revolt – multiple generations.[2] As Knaut points out, that as â€Å"colonists were isolated from the south in a land where indigenous inhabitants numbered in the tens of thousands†, meaning there was plenty of contact between the two groups.[3] Within that time families intermarried, and a large mestizo population arose, creating an intersection in the Venn diagram of early New Mexico. What Knaut argues in Acculturation and Miscegenation is not necessarily as hard as the others to prove who or what caused the revolt, but rather works in earnest to present what he sees as the creation of a mixed culture, with syncretism occurring on both sides. Perhaps in this essay more questions that answers are created†¦ why after 82 years of living together would the Pueblos revolt? Garner has a more direct answer to this question. He, unlike Knaut, does not spend as much time underlining the syncretism that occurs, but spends more time examining the relationship between Pueblo and Franciscan, and reigning in the perhaps unfair harshness of previous works in relation to the government. Garner believed that drought, famine and Apache raids caused the revolt, shedding the competing notions that religious incompatibility or having a suitable leader as primary causes.[4] The two arguments in the proceeding articles before Garner – that religion was the primary cause – fall flat from Garner’s lens. In one instance, he cites the friction between Father Isidro Ordonez and Governor Pedro de Peralta as a result of the governments unfair treatment of the Indian. Peralta eventually decides to have Ordonez arrested, but the colonists (or ecomenderos) proceed to abandon the governor.[5] Garner goes on that governors of early New Mexico are interpreted in a negative light primarily because â€Å"documents are strongly biased against them.†[6] He explains that the reason that these documents are so biased is because of the natural tension between the writers of these records, the Franciscans, and those whom they wrote about, the governors.[7] Garner continues to impress that the Franciscans were the friend to the Indian and foe to the governor. He cites Scholes who states, â€Å"the religious and economic motives of empire were anta gonistic if not essentially incompatible.† Having earlier established a different relationship structure than what was typically seen, (a shift from the Hispanic-Pueblo dichotomy to a more complex relationship of priest-Indian-mestizo-colonist-governor) Garner then moves on to the crux of the issue – the cause of the revolt. â€Å"The kind of peace that had been pervading New Mexico was contingent upon relative prosperity,† writes Garner. The Spanish had used their organizational skills to create surpluses in the Pueblo economy – but the famine of 1670 was so implacable it essentially collapsed the system. The drought of the 1660s – the precursor to the famine – was so severe it caused â€Å"Indians and Spanish alike to eat hides and straps,† as written by Fray Francisco de Ayeta in an account to the King. In the face of such an oppressive environment, Indians naturally began to question why Spanish controlled their food source. This, coupled with a new emphasis on nativism, turned up the heat and brought the already tense situation to a simmer. This movement towards nativism perhaps may have been a reaction to Indian culture sprouting up in both mestizo and Spanish life. Garner continues on this thread noting that Governor Lopez de Mendizabal was forced to â€Å"crack down on Pueblo religious and cultural activity.† While syncretism among the Pueblos was tolerable, among the Spanish it was viewed as inexcusable. These two factors were the foci of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.[8] In contrast, the setting that Bowden and Gutià ©rrez attempt to construct in their essays is a religious clash, one that, while not noticeable immediately, was exacerbated by the droughts and famine. After introducing the essay, Bowden then discusses the similarities of the Pueblo religion, and then highlights some of the missteps the Franciscans took in their interactions and, most of all, the conversion process. First they insisted that the Pueblos should learn Spanish, and â€Å"almost without exception,† failed to make any attempt to learn native language. Also, they instituted mandatory mass attendance for all Indians – but strangely not all Spaniards. On top of this, leaders who continued practicing the previous traditions were whipped or executed.[9] (27-28) Bowden raises a number of valid points – the Franciscans do not appear to be the same persons that protested against the injustices to the Pueblos by the Governor Peralta. Rather, they seem to be creators of an oppressive environment that was quite insensitive to the Pueblo people. However, if you note Bowden’s sources, he cites textbooks for his long diatribe. Garner, in contrast, relies heavier on topic specific articles written by respected names such as France V. Scholes and Jack D. Forbes. While Bowden’s sources are legitimate, he seems to be using information that is more generalized, and not as focused on the relevant issues. Gutià ©rrez points to â€Å"loss of authority† among the Franciscans as the central reason for the revolt.[10] He notes that this gradual loss of power began in 1640s. Because of the uncertainty and unease that followed, the Friars pushed for more drastic measure to balance out this loss of power – a crackdown on syncretism and an emphasis on martyrdom. But the connections that Gutià ©rrez makes are weak; he points to the loss of power in the 1640s, but does not cite any kind of example to support his point until 1655.[11] In addition, most of examples of this â€Å"loss of authority† do not come until the mid 1660s and the early 1670s in the midst of drought, quarreling among Spaniards and attacks by Athapascan raiders. And Gutià ©rrez’ examples of Franciscan brutality arise, interestingly enough, around the time that Garner points to heavy handed response by the Spanish to combat syncretism. Gutià ©rrez’ illustrations seem to support Garner’s idea of the Indians being â€Å"like children in a new world and entrapped in the struggle between the Franciscans and Hispanic community.†[12] Angà ©lico Chà ¡vez provides yet another take on the Pueblo Revolt. While Gutià ©rrez, Garner and Bowden all spend considerable time on relations, Chà ¡vez – as his title Pohà ©-yemo’s Representative and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 – puts much more emphasis on establishing a new leader as a primary cause of the Pueblo revolt. Chà ¡vez seems to avoid tackling the revolt squarely (like Knaut) partly because he devotes most of his time supporting his argument for Domingo Naranjo as the leader (arguably 21 of the 24 pages). Despite Chà ¡vez lengthy narrative supporting Domingo Naranjo, the black leader with yellow eyes, many scholars reject this notion, because it seems to runs counter to what most sources suggest. Historian Stefanie Beninato agrees that Naranjo was a leader, but â€Å"one of several† as â€Å"the concept of a single leader is not viable in the theocratic social structure of the Pueblo world.†[13] Garner too, while recognizing Popà © as instrumental, rejects the idea that he was a â€Å"unique Indian leader,† but rather he arose out of necessity, as opposed to the creation of necessity.[14] While, many critique Chà ¡vez’ uncommon interpretation, it reminds one to reexamine the mestizo and mulatto population in New Mexico. Naranjo, real or not, represents the truth that the black/white Pueblo/Hispanic definition was increasingly blurred in the years leading up to the revolt, and an entirely different culture had emerged. Pohà ©-yemo had multiple windows in to this culture of multiplicity. Garner’s essay seems to be built around the most logic because his essay points to lack of basic necessities as the true cause of the revolt. When there is enough food and prosperity people get along. When there is a shortage, it pushes groups to exceptional measures. Rarely has a revolt occurred without certain factors mitigating access to peoples’ basic needs. Garner also spends ample time with the battle itself, and provides plenty of evidence of to why it was a success; particularly because of the cultural coexistence with the Spanish. Garner is not without flaw – he fails to address certain issues, notably that of the presence of a larger mestizo culture. While he acknowledges it somewhat, he seems more preoccupied with the Franciscan-ecomedero versus government dynamic. This oversight, however excusable, provides good reason for holding onto multiple sources while dissecting historical events such as these. In the absence of primary documents, the importance of rigorous scholarship is especially crucial. To hold the works of these â€Å"curious† scholars together stresses the value for careful thought and due diligence.

The Civil War and Reconstruction - 1315 Words

Reconstruction The main issue between the states that seceded from the Union and those that remained in the former unity was that of states rights, of which the right for citizens to own slaves was of primary concern. It is often argued that one or the other was the main reason for the conflict, but they both played a major part because the people of the Northern United States and the Southern states of the nation lived such different lives. It is true that people in the North had owned slaves until very recently in the nineteenth century, but that time had passed and Northern states had rescinded the rights of humans to own other humans (especially in the chattel sense because people still had servants who were essentially slaves though they were paid a miniscule wage), as if it ever was a right. The Civil War commenced, and it was found that cause and the better ability to kill (Northern soldiers died at a rate two times that of Southern soldiers), was superseded by industry and in genuity. Since the states in the South had been devastated by the War, it was deemed that the victorious but beneficent North would attempt to reconstruct the South into a more compliant neighbor. Thus, carpet-baggers were sent South to establish some order, and laws were enacted by the US Congress to ensure the rights of all people in the region. This paper discusses the reconstruction of the South while paying specific attention to the political, social and economic realities that came toShow MoreRelatedReconstruction Of The Civil War1108 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica’s Mindset Although the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the Reconstruction brought great hope to America’s four million former slaves, the efforts of Congressional Reconstruction ultimately failed to establish equal rights for the freedmen because the racist mindset still dominated American society at the time and Democratic influence steadily overcame Republican control in Congress. Despite the Union’s victory, the end of the Civil War brought many significant national problemsRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War951 Words   |  4 PagesHistory 11 7 May 2015 Reconstruction In the beginning of 1865, the Civil War came to a close, abandoning over 620,000 dead and a destructive path of devastating all over the south. The North now was confronted with the task of reconstructing the destroyed and aggrieved Confederate states. On April 11, two days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s submission, President Abraham Lincoln delivered his last public address, during which he designated a merciful Reconstruction plans and encouraged sympathyRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War847 Words   |  4 Pages Microtheme One - Reconstruction The Reconstruction happened in period following the end of the American Civil and the main goal was to reintegrate the Southern Confederate States back into the Union after they had been defeated by the Union (Northern States). As would be expected, the process was met with many challenges as the interests of both groups had to be addressed. There was debate over the terms under which the Confederate States would be allowed back into the Union, and whether it wasRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction977 Words   |  4 Pagescalled the Reconstruction period â€Å"America’s Second Revolution†, his characterization was correct. Reconstruction can be viewed as a revolution because the previous social order, slavery, was replaced suddenly by a more favorable one, freedom for African-Americans. There was a long period of politicization for incorporating free African-Americans into white society. Reconstruction also revolutionized the preconceived notion that the states ha d autonomous power. The Civil War and Reconstruction were revolutionaryRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War1560 Words   |  7 PagesPrior to the Civil War, the United States’ economy was essentially agricultural based; slavery in the South was the key player in its prosperous economy. Hence, it is no wonder the South stood in defense of slavery’s permanence when challenged with the demand for abolition. The Southern proslavery Confederate states fought against the Northern antislavery Union states during the Civil War. The Union prevailed in the war and once the Confederates seceded and left the United States with a new predicament:Read MoreThe Civil War : The Reconstruction1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe civil war ended in 1865 and what followed was a kerfuffle, otherwise known as â€Å"The Reconstruction.† This was a period of violence and turbulent controversy ranging from racial issues to economic problems. In the book Reconstruction, Eric Foner wrote that â€Å"When the Civil War ended, the white South genuinely accepted the reality of military defeat, stood ready to do justice to the emancipated slaves, and desired above all a quick reintegration into the fabric of national life. Before his deathRead MoreCivil War Reconstruction1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe period after the Civil War was a very difficult time in the United States history. This time was known as the Reconstruction period and it was a very controversial time. There were many issues that had to be addressed such as what to do with the free blacks in the south and how states would be readmitted to the Union. This era saw the rise of the Radical Republicans. The government was going through changes, southerners were going through changes, and blacks were going through changes. WhitesRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War1054 Words   |  5 Pages As the civil war was ending many people could see that the odds of th e north winning increased dramatically however many people can argue this idea based on the several events that took place during the second phase of the civil war. Carl Schurz concluded, â€Å"The Civil War was a revolution, but half accomplished.†(Roark et al 434) Reconstruction started before the civil war ended until 1877, when people of the United States tried figuring out how to put the country back together. Many people hadRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction1357 Words   |  6 PagesCivil War/ Reconstruction - Following the Civil War, the United States underwent a huge process of reconstruction to unifying and reconstructing the war-torn state. The nation still remained utterly divided between North and South in essentially all aspects of life including religion, race, and government. President Andrew Johnson,who succeeded President Abraham Lincoln enacted various policies in order to unite the country. These policies included friendly policies that pardon ed Southerners whileRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War879 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War can be described as one of the bloodiest and gruesome war ever fought on American soil. The Civil War was fought between the Union and the Confederates. The Civil War lasted for 5 years and during that 5 year period many people ended up dying, 620,000 people to be exact and millions injured, but while the numbers can be appalling; it isn t even the beginning. The war led a schism to happen in the U.S, the whole country was divided and devastated. Abraham Lincoln the president who

The Great Individuals Of Transformative Education

Having had the opportunity to interview three great individuals of transformative education, this being has formed a more thorough understanding from three different perspectives. Reflecting on the interviews conducted, several pods of wisdom have materialized. The purpose of the interviews was to gather an enhanced view of honor through the lens of transformative education. Honor is upholding of one’s morals and ethics. Honor is defending what one believes in and doing what is right regardless of the consequences. Honor is standing up to a problem when it seems like there is no way out. Nelson Mandella, Barack Obama, and Walt Disney all share types of dignity, reputation, good name, and good sense of what is morally correct. Nelson Mandella is one of the individuals who exhibited honor in everything that he did. Nelson Mandela was a round and complete leader. He naturally exhibited all types of leadership qualities which is what led him to his success. I believe that with all the qualities that made him a leader, he was also able to â€Å"encourage the heart†. The best thing about Nelson Mandela’s leadership is that he was not afraid to be himself. Although he did sometimes have to put up a front of bravery and triumph, I feel like he kept true to he was during his whole time of presidency, before his presidency, and also much after. Honor is displayed because of his humble, down to earth attitude, mixed in with his stubborn aura, which made him an unforgettable and influentialShow MoreRelatedTransformative Learning : Transformational Learning1585 Words   |  7 PagesFranklin Tuner Kean University Transformative learning overview Thinking is something we all do on a regular basis. The process of using our minds to create ideas make all of our decisions or to remember our earlier experiences. Our minds are complicated structures that we have yet to understand. One man has a theory of learning as an adult and his name is Jack Mezirow. Mezirow was concerned in adulthood learning and began to interpret his theory of Transformative learning. There are two mainRead MoreThe And Contextual Realities Of Their Learners881 Words   |  4 Pagesapproaches to education (and, particularly, the absence of a focus on meaning-making) are prevalent throughout organizational environments. She asks the central question of how transformative learning can take root there, arguing that few organizations envision themselves as primary learning environments, and that the various goals of corporations often mean they’re accountable to many stakeholders, negotiating competing interests (p. 43). Many researchers questions the role of transformative learningRead MoreThe Transformative Learning Theory : Connections With Christian Adult Education Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesM. Marmon proposes in her article, â€Å"Transformative Learning Theory: Connections with Christian Adult Education† of the Christian Education Journal, a way to keep building faith with Christian values in one of the stages in the life of the human being: the adulthood. Also, she explains the dynamic of the learning process, the implication of using this Theory in this situation, and finally, the obstacles that can make harder to achieve the goals. Adult education is one of Marmon’s best ideas to haveRead MoreSpiritual Emergence Versus Religious Emergency Essay1169 Words   |  5 Pagesconsider themselves to be more religious than spiritual. Emergent spiritual experiences like visions, deeply felt meditations, out-of-body experiences, apparitions and precognitive dreams are usually exhilarating and life-changing and can be very transformative -- for those who have moved to a place of being more spiritual than religious. 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It is a thinking that respects African universe of view. Enlightening Philosophy uses speculative, insightful and consistent gadgets to clear up the suggestions and to consider the

this is a college paper on MENTAL ILLNESS AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM

Table of Contents I.Overview of Mental Illness A.Statistics and Aspects of Mental Illness .......................................p.1 II.Mental Illness in Depth A.Historical Background of Mental Illness .....................................p.4 B.Cost of Mental Illness in Society ..............................................p.6 C.Stigma of Mental Illness in Society ...........................................p.9 D.Treatment of Mental Illness as a Social Problem ..........................p.11 III.Immediate Future of the Area of Mental Illness A.What is most likely to occur within the next decade and why ............p.12 V. Works Cited ...........................................................................p. 14 Overview of†¦show more content†¦Although late-life depression is treatable, most older people with clinical depression do not receive adequate treatment. Those who do recover from depression have improved physical and social functioning. Approximately one out of every four Americans suffers from some form of mental disorder in a given year. About 3.5 million Americans suffer from severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness. At least 40 percent of mentally ill people do not seek help or are not being treated, while many wander the streets homeless (Kornblum). This table shows the prevalence and cost of some of the more common types of mental illness in the United States of America. Mental illness: The numbers Prevalence Schizophrenia: About 1% of the population Major depression: Lifetime occurrence - 10% - 25% of women, 5% - 12% of men. Bipolar disorder (manic depression): Lifetime occurrence - 1% - 2% of the population. Panic Disorder: Lifetime occurrence - about 1% of males, 2% of females. Obsessive-compulsive disorders: Lifetime occurrence - about 2.5% of the population. Cost Mental disorders, other than alcohol and substance abuse, cost U.S. society more than $204.4 billion annually. About $91 billion of that amount (based on 1994 figures) is for direct health care costs; the rest includes social services, disability payments and the expense of lost productivity. Estimates for the annual costs of some specific mental disorders:Major depression: $43.7Show MoreRelatedMental Illness : The World Of Sexually Transmitted Disease1266 Words   |  6 Pagesthere is no such thing as a cure. There is only adjustment.† Neil Gaiman’s quote on psychiatry in the world perfectly explains why â€Å"43.8 million (American) adults experience mental illness in a given year† (â€Å"Mental Health By the Numbers†). Mental illness is something not to take lightly. In my personal experience, mental illness can be life-changing. My older sister suffered from serious depression, and still suffers from anxiety. To find out how many levels of psychiatric symptoms I have and whatRead MoreThe Connection Between Stressors And Mental Illnesses1262 Words   |  6 PagesSpecific Aims Cases of mental illness in colleges are growing. There is a increasing number of students in colleges, and with that an increasing number of students developing a mental illness. The hypothesis is that first year students from low income and lower social statuses are developing serious mental illnesses as a result of the high demands of college course loads and as a result are relying on dangerous methods of coping. The project will focus on the following: The connection betweenRead MoreThe Importance Of A Vague Or Unfamiliar Term877 Words   |  4 PagesTeam mental health is three words. Social worker: Would you like me to recommend you to see a physiologist Client yea what type of doctor should I see. Rational for effectiveness or Ineffectiveness of the Intervention This interview was ineffective. The social worker no clue to the many doctors that the client needs to see. In the future gathering resources would be an advantage for clients if I had known which doctor she was in need of. The reason why I recommended her to the Team Mental HealthRead MoreThe Perfect Breeding Grounds For Eating Disorders Among Their Students882 Words   |  4 Pagesthat when combined together make college and university campuses the perfect breeding grounds for eating disorders among their students. It was found by the National Institute of Mental Health that one in five women struggle with an eating disorder or disordered eating and that 90% of those affected were between the ages of 12 and 25, which includes college students. These disorders are becoming more and more prevalent on campuses, for example data from one college found that over a thirteen yearRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On Society985 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In the United States, there are many people who suffer from a mental illness. Mental illness is described as causing disruptions in one’s emotional state, thought processes, and behaviors. When analyzing this this concept, one can see that mental illness is a blanket term that encompasses a wide array of mental disorders that range from mild or to severe. No one completely understands the direct cause of mental illness. Some believe that it is attributed to a biological component which arguesRead MoreReview of Psychiatry - A Social Stigma! By Dr. Harsha Gopisetty1117 Words   |  5 PagesReview of Psychiatry - A Social Stigma! 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Depending on the severity of the psychiatric disorder, circumstances can lead to a homeless situation or nomadic lifestyle. ItRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On The Media Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Mental illness is often wrongly portrayed in the United States’ media creating stigmatization and misrepresentation. Mental illness â€Å"refers to a wide range of mental disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). Examples of disorders include anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Any â€Å"negative attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are called stigma† (Wilson et al., 2016, p. 2) and stigma can contributeRead MoreWhat Is The Road To Resiliency1192 Words   |  5 PagesThought Provoking Paper #1: Road to Resiliency I think a mentally healthy community would be filled with an abundance of resources and opportunities for everyone in need of assistance. Having accessibility to therapists, crisis lines, social services, physical therapy, correctional facilities, affordable healthcare, affordable housing, and mental hospitals would be a good step towards a mentally healthy community. When I think of mental health, I generally think about Maslow’s hierarchy ofRead MoreGirl Interrupted Film Analysis858 Words   |  4 Pages Irvelt Nicolas And Alyssa Reilly College of Staten Island AN ANALYSIS OF GIRL, INTERRUPTED 2

Completion Competency and Project Management

Question: Discuss about the Completion Competency and Project Management. Answer: Introduction: In the given case study, 30 % of unleaded petrol storage has been destroyed or collapsed because of damaged condition and storage tanks being used for more than 50 years. In this case, storage tanks will be repaired and repainted so that their condition can be improved for better operations. Goal of this undertaken project is to repair all three unleaded petrol tank in terms of patches, fitting steel anchors on top of tanks and clean repaint all three tanks. In this case project goal is to achieve these tasks within timeframe i.e. 40 days and within budget i.e. $ $ 25,000. All three tanks will not be repaired at the same time but tank 1 will be repaired first and then evaluated or tested on quality and timely completion grounds (Lambert, Bottomly, Gibbons, Nieves, 2015). If satisfied then next tank i.e. tank 2 will be repaired and repainted and so on. Goal 1: Get quotation from different repair companies and measure quotations Goal 2: Procure material and appoint required employees Goal 3: Complete repair and repaint of all tanks within stipulated time and budget and measured through assessing quality of repair and repaint work. Goal 4: Zeroing leakage of petroleum products into surrounding soil so that fines can also be zero and measured trial run and by storing sample unleaded petrol in tanks. Goal 5: Maximise profitability or increase profit margin from current state and measure through audit of project Scope statement of project Project scope is used to define boundaries of business operations or business functions that will be affected if project is undertaken i.e. during and after the project. In this case, undertaken projects scope is limited to functional area of business organisation. In order to determine scope of undertaken project, stakeholder analysis method has been used (Babou, 2014). Since repair project is undertaken on core business asset i.e. oil tanks therefore business objective will be hampered. There are some stakeholders that will be impacted with the undertaken project of repairing oil storage tanks: Identification of stakeholders Society: As current state of unleaded petrol tanks suggested that there is some leakage of petrol into surrounding soil therefore this has triggered environmental issues. Society has been facing issue of increased pollution level and disease because of leakage of petrol. Scope of repair project is limited to society also as they are affected from leakage and negative effect. 20 % weight-age Government: Government is most important stakeholder since currently business organisation is paying penalty of $ 20,000 per month. These penalty is imposed by government i.e. Health, safety and environment department and are in receipt of penalty i.e. financial resource. Success of this project will also affect government as there will be reduction or penalty can be nullified (Subramaniam, 2009). 30 % weight-age Oil dealers in Western Australia: Oil dealers are customers of business organisation undertaking repair project. Oil dealer will be getting less business for some time i.e. as and when repair project is undertaken. Business and relations will get hampered. 50 % weight-age Key deliverables Steel patches: Under this repair project, steel patches are to be used so that leakage of oil or petrol will be stopped. Sizes of patches are different for all three oil tanks ranging from 1.5 m2 to 3 m2 in size. Steel anchors: Another deliverable of the undertaken repair project is steel anchors to be fitted on the top of all three tanks (tank 1, 2 and 3). This should be included in key deliverables since they are important part of repair project and lead to improvement in infrastructure facilities (Gorog, 2016). Cleaning and repainting: All three tanks shall be cleaned from outside as per the repair project. All the three oil tanks shall be repainted from outside only and it is included in deliverables of the undertaken project. In case of tank 3, main supply valve shall be replaced. Size of main supply valve is 300 mm and is made up of stainless steel. Acceptance criteria Acceptance criteria of the project states terms and conditions or base for accepting project and accept that project is completed. Following are acceptance criteria of the undertaken repair project: All tanks start functioning again: Undertaken project will only be accepted when all the three tanks i.e. tank 1, 2 and 3 restore their function again or start to operate. If any of the 3 tanks does not restore functioning the project shall not be accepted. Storage of oil or petrol is the function of these oil tanks (Softtheme, 2012). There shall be no or negligible leakage of petrol: Repair project is undertaken because there is issue of leakage of oil from all three tanks. In order to overcome from this issue repair to all three tanks has been provided. Therefore another acceptance criteria of the undertaken project is no or negligible leakage of petrol after repair work. Leak detection and repair programme shall be undertaken once project work is completed (Gorog, 2016). Within time frame: Undertaken repair project will be accepted only if completed within decided timeframe. Grace period or grace days will also be provided to repairing company, so that they can complete repair work within that time. Delay in decided project deliverables in terms of time can postpone acceptance and penalty will be imposed on repairing company (Marsanu, 2010). Approval of project manager: Once key deliverables has been delivered or completed then project manager will check whole deliverables. Overview of projects overall process Project Initiation: At this stage, issues like leakage and environmental fines imposed by government are undertaken by business organisation. Repair project if undertaken will reduce leakage of oil tanks and increase profitability and feasibility test has been performed (Esposito, 2015). Project Planning: At this stage, plan in terms of execution of repair project will be made. Roadmap will be developed for repair project using SMART technique in terms of setting goals and scope of the project. Project Execution: Team development, execution of planned activities and other tasks specified in repair project will be undertaken. Project Monitoring: At this stage, project activities will be monitored and performance is measured. In this stage, focus on key deliverables will be placed (Esposito, 2015). Project Closure: After testing and accepting repair project, project will be closed with proper documentation. Monitor and control of project completion Preparation of Gantt chart: In order to monitor and control project activities and completion of repair project, Gantt chart will be used. Gantt chart can be defined as the statement that shows schedule of activities or actions to be taken to complete the repair project. Statement of schedule of activities to be taken in undertaken project: Sr. No. Activities Start day Days End date 1 Get quotation from repair companies March 1, 2017 4 March 4, 2017 2 Procure material March 5, 2017 3 March 7, 2017 3 Appoint required staff March 8, 2017 2 March 9, 2017 4 Start repair and repaint work of tank 1 March 10, 2017 6 March 15, 2017 5 Start repair and repaint work of tank 2 March 16, 2017 12 March 27, 2017 6 Start repair and repaint work of tank 3 March 28, 2017 20 April 16, 2017 7 Testing of leakage and quality of work April 17, 2017 3 April 19, 2017 50 days Success measurement Reduction in environmental fines: Success of the undertaken repair project will be measured by assessing and estimating environmental fines that were imposed prior to repair project. If environmental fine is reduced to zero or fine is imposed up to $ 3,000 then undertaken repair project is tends to be successful (Haverila Fehr, 2016). Increase in profitability: Another success measurement or criteria of the repair project is profitability of business organisation. If profitability is increased because of less cost incurred on tanks and reduction in penalty cost, then repair project deemed to be successful (Liu Klein., 2010). References Babou. 2014. What methods techniques are used in Project Scoping? Retrieved March 23, 2017, from leadershipchamps.wordpress.com: https://leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2014/01/06/project-scoping/ Esposito, E. 2015. Demystifying the 5 Phases of Project Management. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from www.smartsheet.com: https://www.smartsheet.com/blog/demystifying-5-phases-project-management Gorog, M. 2016. A broader approach to organisational project management maturity assessment. International Journal of Project Management, 34(8), 1658-1669. Haverila, Fehr. 2016. The impact of product superiority on customer satisfaction in project management. International Journal of Project Management, 34(4), 570-583. Lambert, E., Bottomly, Glenn, Gibbons, Susan, Nieves, Jose. 2015. Complex Factors Related to Capital Construction Project Success: A Case Study, ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis. Liu, Chen, Jiang, Klein. 2010. Task completion competency and project management performance: The influence of control and user contribution. International Journal of Project Management, 28(3), 220-227. Marsanu, R. 2010. Project Management Metrics. Oeconomics of Knowledge, 2(2), 10. Murray, D. 2013. Tableau Your Data! Fast and Easy Visual Analysis with Tableau Software. Hoboken: Wiley. Softtheme. 2012. Acceptance criteria. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from www.slideshare.net: https://www.slideshare.net/softheme/acceptance-criteria-12257473 Subramaniam, A. 2009. Project Metrics Measures. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from www.slideshare.net: https://www.slideshare.net/anandsubramaniam/project-metrics-measures

John Fitzgerald Kennedy Argumentative Essay Example For Students

John Fitzgerald Kennedy Argumentative Essay John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917, the second oldest in a family of nine children. His great grandparents had come the United States from Ireland in the mid-1800, s after a famine caused severe poverty in that Country. Although their families had not come to the United States with much money, Both of John Kennedys grandfathers became political leaders in Boston. One of them John Fitzgerald, (for whom he was named), was elected mayor in 1905. John Kennedys Father, Joseph Patrick became a very wealthy businessman, he was and adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the United States Ambassador to Great Britain from 1938 to 1940. John Kennedy (his family called him Jack,) moved to New York when He was ten years old. Since the family spent summer months at their home in Hyannis, Cape Cod, Jack still lived a good part of his life in Massachusetts. As a boy and a young man, he traveled to other parts of the United States and to other countries. After graduating from the Choate School in Connecticut in 1935, he went on to Harvard College and graduated in 1940. That same year he wrote a best selling book, alled, Why England Slept, it was about some of the decisions, which led to World War In 1941, John Kennedy joined the Navy. He became the commander of a small PT boat, assigned to the battle in the Pacific against the Japanese. One night while on patrol, a large enemy ship rammed Kennedys boat. Two men in the crew of thirteen were killed, and the rest led by Lt. Kennedy swam to a nearby deserted island. There they managed to survive mostly by eating coconuts, until they were rescued a week later. After World War II, John n Kenney had to choose the kind of work he wanted to o. He considered becoming a teacher or a writer but soon he decided to run for political office. In 1946 he was elected to the U. S. Congress, representing a district in greater Boston, Kennedy a democrat served three terms (six years), in the House of Representatives, and in 1952 he was elected to the U. S. Senate. In 1953, he married Jacqueline Lee Bouvier. The following year he had a serious operation on his back. While recovering from surgery, he wrote a book about several U. S. enators, which had risked their careers to fight for the things in which they believed. The book, called Profiles in Courage, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 1957. That same year the Kennedys first child Caroline, was born. Kennedy had narrowly missed being picked as the Democratic Partys candidate for Vice President in 1956. Soon after, he began a long campaign to become President in 1960. At the convention on July 13, 1960, the Democrats chose Kennedy as their Presidential candidate. Kennedy asked Lyndon B. Johnson, a senator from Texas, to run with him for Vice President. In the general election on November 8, 1960, Kennedy defeated Vice President Richard M. Nixon in a very close race, the popular vote was 34,226,731 for Kennedy and 34,108,157 for Nixon. The electoral vote was 303 for the Kennedy campaign and 219 for Nixon. Kennedy was the youngest man elected President and also the first Catholic. John F. Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th President on January 20, 1961. In his Inaugural Address, he spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens. Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country, he said. He also asked the nations of the world to join together to fight what he called the ommon enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself. Soon after the election Kennedys second child was born John Jr. One of President Kennedys first important actions was creating the Peace Corps. Americans who join the Peace Corps go as volunteers to countries requesting assistance. They served as teachers and provided help in areas such as farming, health care and Kennedy also wanted Americas to travel to more distant destinations. Fedex Corp. vs United Parcel Service, Inc Case Study EssayIn most southern states, schools, buses, restaurants, and other public places were racially segregated. there were separate schools, separate seats on bused and separate areas in restaurants for whites and blacks. State and local laws also prevented black Americans from voting . Since the 1950s many people Black and white had been working to change these laws. During the 1960 presidential campaign Martin Luther King Jr. ,one of the most famous leaders of the civil rights movement had been jailed for leading a protest in Georgia. Kennedy called his wife Coretta Scott King and offered his Many African Americans the decided to vote for Kennedy Civil rights leaders however were disappointed with the slow and careful pace of President Kennedys efforts to ensure equality for all Americans. Kennedy believed in hallenging unfair laws in the courts rather than holding public demonstrations. He believed that demonstrations would anger many white southern members of congress whose help he needed to pass new laws and approve treaties. events however forced Kennedy to change his views. In May 1961 a group of white and black people ignored segregation laws and traveled together by bus through the south. In several cities crowds of angry white people beat these freedom riders and burned their buses. Attorney General Robert Kennedy JFKs brother had to sent U. S. marshals to protect the freedom riders. heir actions eventually led to the desegregation of all buses and waiting rooms used for travel between states. In September 1962, the nation faced the threat of violence in the State of Mississippi. James Meredith, an African America and an Air Force veteran, applied and was admitted to the University of Mississippi. However, when he arrived on campus, university officials would not let him go to class because he was black. Both John and Robert Kennedy had long talks over the telephone with the Mississippi governor, Ross Barnett. However, they failed to convince Barnett to allow James Meredith to attend lasses. In order to enforce the Constitution and to protect Meredith, Kennedy ordered the National Guard and federal marshals to the University. After a riot in which two people died and dozens were injured, Meredith registered for classes and segregation ended at Segregation had not ended everywhere, however. Almost a year later, Alabama governor, George Wallace, who had promised to support segregation today, tomorrow and forever, would not allow African American students to attend the University of Alabama. After President Kennedy was forced once again to send soldiers to protect tudents who wanted nothing more than an education, he decided to speak to the nation on television about civil rights, He said Americans had a legal and a moral responsibility to provide equal access to education and guarantee voting rights for all citizens. In addition to all the problems and challenges of being President, John Kennedy also had to fulfill the role of our nations head of state. He and his wife Jacqueline hosted dinners and parties in Washington for the leaders of other nations. They also traveled to Latin America and Europe, because Mrs. Kennedy believed that the nations capital should be he center for the arts and culture as well as the center of government and law, she invited many musicians, writers, and dancers to the White House to perform. On November 21, 1963 President Kennedy flew to Texas to give several political speeches. The next day as his car drove slowly past cheering crowds in Dallas shots rang out, Kennedy was seriously wounded and died a short time later. Within two hours of the shooting, police arrested Lee Harvey Oswald, and charged him with the murder. On November 24, 1963, a Dallas man, Jack Ruby, shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald, before there was a chance to put him on trial.