Recruitment And Selection Plays A Vital Role In Every Industry

recoverment And Selection Plays A Vital Role In E truly Indus pronounceenlisting and Selection plays a springy role in every industry. Recruitment is overly the puzzle out of locating and attracting the appli butt jointts which ar capable for the nullity. Recruitment and option both are very close linked. Both of the activities directs towards achieving the appropriate candidate with the requisite competencies and attitudes. The enlisting can also be tacit as the foundation for the al manageion accomplish by providing the morsel of applicants from which the selection panel and select the suitable candidates. So it is the source of manpower to meet the requirements which are makeed in the staffing (Flippo, 2000). on that point are fundamentally devil theatrical roles of recruitment, internal and external. midland recruitment can be still as they where the suitable candidate is chosen amongst the employees within the memorial tablet however external recruitment is wh ere the suitable candidate with the postulate competencies and attitudes are chosen externally. In simple words the outsiders are invited to withd in the altogether the on-going vacancy. The haves of recruitment areTo get a pool of candidates with appropriate competencies for the vacant postsTo lead the candidate with the fair paradeTo work sure that all the recruitment activities are achieved as per lines to the organizational goalsThe recruitment bidding is conducted in a cost telling mannerThe term selection can be the best understood as the subprogram to filling the vacancy either internally or externally. . It is to take a leak a choice among all the applicants and to choose the best for the organization (Banfield, P.Kay,R, 2008). The major goal of selection is to choose the best person for the patronage disposal. Selection matches the candidates as per the argumentation requirements to understand that how well the candidate ordain per excogitate to the requirem ents of the offered position as they do not destiny that the candidate to leave the organization in a short span of time. As the recruitment and selection swear out costs to the keep company hence the selectors call for the best candidate. Basically the objectives of the selection are as followsTo collect the relevant in changeion.Organize and study the information collected.Evaluate apiece candidate.Hence, it could be better understood as the definitive aspects in the organisation. The organisation does the recruitment and selection to achieve the organizational goals. The inappropriate selection can pull up stakes in the loss to the organisation. in that respect are various ways of doing the recruitment, like advertisement, head hunters and some do the recruitment fairs. Hence the recruitment and selection process differs from the heavens to sector.In current scenario, the company invests the considerable amount of money to recruit and select the best suitable person for the organization so that the person could be an asset for the organisation. The yen process starts from, Identifying requirements, screening, process design and the process end by offering the appointment letter. After this the training is provide to the candidate. The training also cost a considerable amount of money on the candidate. The chase items are employ in the recruitment process. touch design .Identify vacancyPrepare ponder description and specificationsAdvertising the vacancyManaging the responseShort listingArrange interviewsConduct interviews and decision makingIndia is recognized as the emerging economies worldwide. India has a intumescent population and it has got a vast land size. The land size has a diverse culture and extreme diversities in in screw level which vary state to state. The ground has a high level of illiteracy rate among the large population, however, the terra firma still got a huge reservoir of managers and technological maintaind talent. Between 30%-35% of population resides in metros and urban cities and rest in urban, semi urban and rural centres. The countrys economic policy framework reflects features such as structure, size and transformation of the trusting companying and the financial sector.There are basically two types of sectors operated in India, Private sector and the Public sector. In the private sector on that point are three main types of organization, which are Sole traders, Partnership and the franchises. The public companies are those companies which are owned by the government. These companies are well known in national and as well as the international companies.Recruitment Process material body , Different Stages for Recruitment processThe country consider to have a sound and effective margeing system so that the country could have a healthy parsimoniousness. The briming system of any country should be smooth and should be ready to face of the challenges which could be incurred by the technological or the former(a) external or internal moguls.The major name in the Indian money boxing industry is recite Bank of India. This bank originates in the first decades of the 19 century. Later, it got merged with the imperial bank of India. Further the government of India nationalized the Imperial bank along with the reserve bank of India and the name was changed to render bank of India. It is one of the Indias largest commercial banks. The government looks maintains a stake of 60% in fix bank of India. The bank has 13,500 branch offices throughout India, staffed by much or less 220,000 employees (Source www.sbi.co.in). State Bank of India is also present worldwide. Not only is this but the important point to notice here that, because of the effective management the SBI has to manage to make an international presence as well. Thats the only reason that they have office in almost 12 other countries around the world apart from India such as the ones listed below (Sour ce www.sbi.co.in)BahrainChinaJapanMauritiusUnited States of AmericaIndonesiaUnited KingdomNepalSingaporeSBI CanadaSBI CaliforniaSouth AfricaAim of the protrudeThe main aim of this research would be to target on the importance of recruitment and selection in one of the leading public and private sector banks in India, State bank of India and I. C. I.C.I and how does it differ from a private limited bank.Secondly, would try to find out, how the recruitment and selection process affects the applicants and their views, with the help of a questionnaire.Objectives of the renderTo identify the frequent practices used by both the public limited bank, State bank of India.To identify the general practices used by both the private limited bank, I. C. I. C. I.To make a wide of the marker understanding as how the recruitment and the selection process affects the State bank of India and I. C. I. C. I banks.How the recruitment and selection in State bank of India differs from a private limite d bank.To determine as which practice is the best form the comparison study.To find out the recruitment policy of ICICI BankImportance of the Project StudyThe study that I have done is quite significant in one sense its to highlight the practical application that the HR Managers need to deal with their HR policies relations and responsibilities. The study is to provide a flavour the recruitment and selection process is carried out in these banks.Reason for the ProjectThe reasons for the cypher are quite clear, having a look the tremendous history of the bank. Its quite evident that any passerby would like to have a look, what is that has made the bank to become of the biggest in the country and a worldwide presence too. That is the reason that these project and research studies have been designed. The main reason for the project is to understand the business areas of these two major Indian public and private banks and understand their way of business and then primarily understand t he HR plans and their running(a) cultures. Because India being such a diverse nation and to put across any business lines or strategies it needs to be really sound and the pile who are bottom of the inning the planning and the implementation of these strategies need to be having the exact idea and the way the wad are going to respond the idea of the bank. All this is done with a clear picture of the banks goals and objectives. So these are the main areas that are basically tired to be analysed. The other important area to be analysed for this project is the customers and the bank relationships too.Scope of the ProjectThe scope of this project is to understand the working and the recruitment and selection of the employees. The following pointsExtent of the ResearchInclusions On the researchExclusion of the researchLimitations to the researchLiterature ReviewAs mentioned earlier, the term recruitment can be determined as the process of identifying the pool of appropriate candidate s which is suitable for the job vacancy outside the organization or within the organization is a cost effective manner. However selection can be best understood as the process where the best person is chosen from a pool of desired candidates. The recruitment and the selection are the core areas of the human resource management. Hence, it makes the company to choose the appropriate person for the organization which helps in achieving the goals and performance of the organization. In simple words the recruitment selection chooses the best person for the organization. The recruitment and selection process focuses on the candidate which fulfils all the requirements of the vacancy and also trains them for the desired post. The employees are recruited on the basis of many things, smashing communication acquirements, flexibility and desolation of the person and so on The recruiters select the candidate on the basis of many qualities for the good performance and also on the qualities wh ich they notice while interviewing the person (Hay, 2006).The largest country in South Asia is India. It has a huge financial system with varied financial institution. Indian banking sector was well developed prior to its Independence (1947). There was a significant presence of both foreign and domestic banks and well developed stock market. (Bery, 1996). In India in that location are 26 public sector bank, 22 private sector bank, 56 Urban and cooperative bank and 29 foreign banks in India (Indian banking Association). In India the top banks among all the banks is the Reserve bank of India. The Reserve bank of India supervises the banking functions of the other banks (Source www.sbi.co.in).State bank of India is the largest financial service provider company. It provides a range of banking products. It has got 16,000 branches and India and has the highest branch in India. The company had a pull in of Rs.10, 998 crores ($24.18 billion) (Source www.sbi.co.in).Recruitment and selecti on plays a major role in any of the banking or financial sector. The peck are the main force on which the economy depends. If the HR state take a wrong decision in selecting a candidate to work the company can die. The majority of the companies use the alike pattern of recruiting and selecting the employees which are as followsJob analysis profile of knowledge, skill, competencies, ability and the temperament suggest decision made on recruitment and selection.Identification of the need for the invigorated employee through the re organization or by the replacement of the employee.Select the employee internally.Format the application and the process foe examining the criteria determined.Job vacancy and the other publicity material are put into the public domain.An application arrivesExperimental proceduresResearch MethodologyIn my research I get out be exploitation the qualitative and the quantitative methods but will focus majorly on the qualitative method. The reason is that t he qualitative selective information is quite descriptive and I will be able to express the results and also the feedback from the employees in a descriptive manner. The main aim of the study will be the recruitment and selection in State bank of India. The reason of retention in the companies, as the research requires more of interviews, which can be telephonic or face to face makes the report more descriptive. The questionnaire will be distributed in both the public and the private bank and the analysis will be done as which practice is the best.The project will be done in two stages.Primary researchSecondary researchPrimary researchPrimary research involves the collection and also the raw data which is collected through surveys and interviews will be analysis. The result will be discussed and evaluated.The primary sources which I will be using to collect the data are-Collecting the data from common using questionnaires.Interviewing the employee and the HR managers of the multinat ional organization.Secondary researchThis research includes the study based upon the interpretation of the books and the journals which are referred in the library. The reading will involve the reading which is written by the different scholars on the same issue. All the arguments from the different scholars will be deeply analysis will be conducted. The conclusion will be drawn and then evaluated with the date and the finding collected by me. The basic understanding can be achieved by the review of the different books.The secondary sources which I will use to collect the data are-The digital libraryB.C.U libraryHuman resource management articles and journals transmission line magazinesReportsNews paper articlesData ProcessingThe graphs and the pie charts will be used to show the data collected from the questionnaires. The result be descriptive and will be achieved by the questionnaires and the individualized contact with the Human resource management people and the employees of b oth the public and the private limited company.Concept of the ProjectThe project is basically broken down into three broad areasBasic Recruit process and their importancesRecruit and selection process of State Bank of IndiaRecruitment and selection process of I. C. I. C. IA brief qualitative study is done on the three highlighted areas of the project, the main area of research is to analyse how the recruitment process of the bank are in line with the ones commonly followed by the general companies and the ones that are specifically developed by the bank keep in view their requirements etc.MethodologyThe following methodology is followed in this project in order to achieve the aim objectives. The following hunt chart gets the information regarding the flow of the project and the way in which the result is and the analysis is carried out. Refer Fig .Recruit and Selection Process in BanksRecruit and Selection Process in BanksRecruit and Selection Process in BanksRecruit and Selection Process in BanksRecruitment ProcessDefinition Understanding of RecruitmentRecruitment means is the process of estimation of the available vaccines and to make the call for arrangements for their selection and appointment. Recruitment can also be defined as the process for obtaining people for a definite job, and from the pool the well(p) people can be selected.The formal definition of the recruitment process is Its the process of attracting and finding among them capable and suitable candidates for possible employment. The unscathed process starts when the new recruits are sought, and their applications are submitted to go to the next level of the process. This first process results in a pool of applicants for whom the potential new employees can be selected. The process with a wide range of publicity through different sources and the interested candidates are encouraged to submit applications for further processing and the following interviews. The most important thing to reme mber is to say that recruitment is the first step of contact that a company makes with its potential future employees.Recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation Edwin FlippoNeed for RecruitmentThe recruitment can be as a result form the following reasons that may arise in any of the companies or organisationsThe vacancies that are as result of internal departmental promotions, Employee transfers, Retirement of employees, Termination or resignation of Employees, Permanent Disability of Employees and Death of EmployeesRequirement of new jobs due to expansion of the organization or diversification of business activities.Requirements that may arise due to emergence in business resulting from the unexpected or massive success of a specific product or service of the companyRefer fig .Fig , Reasons for RecruitmentImportance of RecruitmentThe main mappings of the requirement are listed down of the many adv antages of the requirement process a few are listed below. Refer Fig .To determine the present and the future requirements of any business in line with the HR planningTo increase the capable resources for the business with a minimum stir on the budget for recruitmentTo increase the success and the efficiency of the selection process. This can be achieved by the reduction of under answer and over qualified candidatesTo minimize the probability of candidates who may leave the organization after a short time. Because the recruitment process involves money and time.To help the company or the organization to meet the legal rules and regulations of the countryEvaluate and increase the efficiency of the recruitment process and enhance the process and find out flaws from time to time in order to maintain the company standard.Fig , Functions of RequirementEffects of Improper and Unplanned Requirement ProcessThe recruit process can be considered the deciding factor that plays a very importa nt role in the companys search for the best talent available in the market in the form of the employees who are going to take the company to meets its goal and objectives but if the process is not carried in a planned fashion then it may result in catastrophic damage for the companys future operations. The following are a few effects that the company may face due to the poor recruitment techniques. embarrassed productivity of the EmployeesLow or very little turnover of the company due to incompetency of the employeesExcessive wastage of the resources due to lack of the best in frame knowledge of the toolsMore accidents that may result at the work place creating a loss to the companyInefficient use of the tools and the companys processesProcess of RecruitmentThe process of recruit is attracting the able candidates to fill the vacancy and become employees of the organisation. The process of recruitment has a few procedures that need to be followed at all times in order to successful completion of the recruitment processThe recruitment process can be considered to be completed in the following fiver stages preparedness the recruitment processDeveloping a scheme for the processSearching for the right candidateScreening the candidatesEvaluation and control of the processThe best recruitment process is the one that attracts a large number of applicants, who can survive all the above mentioned process. If not properly planned and executed may result in the loss of potential candidates. In order to avoid this the HR department needs to have clear idea of what is the job profile that is required and the type of assessment that are to be carried out in order to have the perfect applicant to be chosen. Refer Fig .Fig , Stages of Recruitment ProcessPhase 1Planning Recruitment ProcessThis is the first stage of the recruitment process, proper planning and process would help the company to select skilful and good potential employees from the pool of candidates. The main goal of the planning stage is the translation of the available job vacancies and the job description into an understandable format for the candidates to apply. The places where the walk-in interviews need to be taken and the people who are going to assists for the technical and the administration departments also need to made well in advance so that the potential loss of a expected candidate can be avoided. The main targets include. Refer Fig .The number of vacancies available in each of the specific categoryThe type of applicants the company is interestedThe job descriptions and roles involved in the jab categoryPlanning of the whole recruiting process from the venue to the people who are going to support the whole process.Fig , Recruitment Planning Process in an OrganisationPhase 2Developing a system for the processWhen the planning phase is successfully completed with de acceptance, form the head of the department s of the different departments. The next and the important phase of the process is to condition a strategy for how the whole process is going to work and what is to be done the event of a unplanned scenario etc, who are the key and the responsible people for the whole event and any other related information tot assists the HR people to make decisions. The main important points to develop a strategy for the recruitment process are listed below. Refer Fig .Create the New Employees or Buy the New Employees *The technological tools that are required for the recruitment processStudy of the Geographical distribution of the skill markets (Labour Markets)Study of Sources of RecruitmentSequencing the activities in the recruitment processFig , Developing the Strategy for Recruitment*A Creating new employee is the process of hiring new applicants forms from the pool of skill that is a result of the advertisement and publicity. These after a proper and strategic assessment will be used for the selection of the candidate. On the other hand the Buying means hiring form a third party manpower suppliers a or taking people on a contract for a specific period of time. This type of recruitment is basically when you want people to work on a very specific and a limited basis.Phase 3Searching for the right candidateThe third phase in the process after the successful implantation of the other two is where and how to search for the perfect candidates and the perfect skills you are looking for. Studies have suggested that thither are two basic ways of searching for the right candidate with the right skill set etc. This is taken in a step by step process with each other working back to back. Refer Fig . grade 1 Resource Activation request declaration form the middle managementStep -2 SellingStep 1 Resource RequestTypically in an organisation the recruitment process starts with a vacancy that has aroused in any of the departments such as the technical or non-technical or any of the administration departments. Once there is a vacancy or a n extr a resource is required for the job then the middle mangers have need to pass it over to the top management or the bosses for a resource in the weekly or the bi-weekly meeting , then that is further cascaded to the HR to search for the suitable candidate. Firstly they have study in various aspects of the requirement, such as the Budget etc and try to see and internal was of filling the post and if they have no one to fill in then they starts using all the above mentioned ways to fill in the post.Step 2 SellingThis is the second step is the immediate reaction the company is going to undergo once when they find a vacancy due for a filling, then they may use the advertising agencies in order to attract the right candidates and for further assessment before they can be hiredFig , Steps in searching phase of RecruitmentPhase 4Screening the candidatesScreening is the most important of all the tetrad in the sense that it differentiates or filter the good candidates from the bad or the on es that company would like not to hire. The recruitment process starts from the screening phase. All the scrutinised in this phase of the recruitment process, the following points are worth consideration to understand the process in more detail.Purpose of the screening processThe main purpose of the screening process is for sough ting out the unfavourable conditions or the candidates who are not up to the mark and the standards at a early stage of the recruitment process.In the screening process there are no clear job specifications that are required for the candidate to have for the job. But as a good experience and good practice the candidates qualifications are judged on the basis of their skills, knowledge of the subject, attitude and important of all the interest to do the job. Refer Fig .Fig , Screening process for RecruitmentThe screening process vary for the different for kind of jobs that are required for filling and every job will need to be handle in a different way depen ding on the comminutedity of the job and the type of skills that are required for workoutThere are some specific jobs such a s hiring a Professor for a educational Institution such as a university is a kind of typical situation. The applications that are received as a response to the publicity and the advertisements are screened and only the eligible candidates are called fro a personal interview. Then the interview is taken y a selection committee which may comprise of the important people of the university such as the Vice Chancellor, fipple flute and the Subject Experts who can conduct the interviews. So even there are some accredited ways to follow for the general situation for the screening process there may be true situations there may be some enhancement to be made to the existing system or extra type of committees can be brought in to do the job screening the candidate for the job.Phase 5Evaluation and control of the processThe evaluation and control is necessary and t ermed as the important step in the recruitment process. Because of the recruitment process there are costs incurred by the company so there needs to some kind of control over the money that is going into the recruit process with the budget that has been selected by the company. The following are the ways in which there can be money to be spent by the company.Salaries and perks for the people involved in the recruitment processThe time of the management and the superior people spent on the preparation of the job vacancy numbers, Job descriptions, Advertisements, Agency Liaison, so on and so forth.The important and major way of disbursal on the recruitment is the advertisement and the contracts with the third party agents.Overheads and unplanned events that are a result of recruitment process and the administrative expenses.The extra cost that is resulting from the extra time and the outsourcing while the vacancies remain unfilled for a long time or there are very limited resources on a specific skill set.The cost that the company needs to bare due to the selection of unsuitable or candidates not fitting the bill for the job are selected.The above mentioned five phases of the recruitment process are the very common ones that are used for the recruitment by the organisation. But as it mentioned earlier as well that there may be other ways in which the recruitment process can be taken. So this implies to say that the recruitment process is a critical process and needs a lot of planning and in depth knowledge to pick the best candidates who have the desired qualities professionally and personally. The more the people who fit the job are picked the company will have a sure success then by selecting unsuitable people.Sources of RecruitmentThe other important area of the recruitment process is the sources of recruitment. The following the common ways in which the organisations generally source for the recruitment process in their companies. Refer Fig .The flow chart gives the information regarding the major of sourcing that can be used in the recruitment process. In order to have a diverse work force and good work culture its always better to have a new recruitment in order to have a new ideas to come in the process which may help the organisation in many ways. Because by the internal referral schemes it may be for a certain and a certain number of vacancies but if this type of sourcing is followed then it may have a certain disadvantages as well. Because this would have an impact on the companys future as well, if not corrected and acted in time.The sources of recruitment are broadly classified in two main categoriesInternal Sources of RecruitmentExternal Source of RecruitmentInternal Source of RecruitmentPromotions and TransfersThis is a very effective measure for the filling of certain type of vacancies depending on the personal records and the achievements of an employee. The personal records may include educational qualifications and the skill level incurred in the process of acquiring experience. Promotions are a best way to build up good relations between the organisation and the employee. This is way to build the morale of the employee apart from the encouraging the component individuals who are self motivated to make them more recognisable for a promotion. So, this is a good way to enhance the performance for the employees. On the other hand the transfers are other way to make the employees view the organisation on a broad spectrum. This may even be helpful to find employees for the future promotions.Employee Internal ReferralsEmployees can help their pals and family by acquainting them with the advantages of the company and the vacancy that are available in the company. The major advantage of this type of source is that the employees may only bring those referrals those they feel will fit the bill. This also gets the feeling of ownership for the employees.Former EmployeesThis type includes the employees who are retired by but still can work on limited time basis such as Part time and also other employees who have left the company in the past but would return for better prospects or higher compensations. There are a lot of advantages in this type because these employees have a lot of information and good understanding of the processes of the company. This would further minimise the time in a sense there is no need for induction etc. This in turn saves time and money to the company.Recalling Earlier EmployeesThis type can be used to recall certain employees who have left the company or made redundant in the past, because of recession or lack of business or order to conti

Periodontal Health Knowledge and Awareness in Pregnancies

Periodontal Health Knowledge and Awareness in PregnanciesTitle Periodontal Health friendship and ken among big(predicate) females in Bangalore, IndiaABSTRACTThere is plenty of evidence in the literature suggesting an association between periodontal diseases, pregnancy and even preterm meek birth slant deliveries. The correlation has been expanded from periodontitis and preterm birth to various forms of periodontal infections and adverse pregnancy awaycome, preterm birth, measly birthweight, stillbirth, miscarri age, intrauterine growth retardation and pre-eclampsia.Aims and ObjectiveThe purpose of this larn was to assess the sensory faculty regarding periodontal health among gravid females in Bangalore, India.Materials and Method Three hundred pregnant female patients who visited the OPD of Gynaecology De take upment of presidency Hospital, K.R. Puram, Bangalore was evaluated for viva hygiene status. Awareness of the relationship between viva voce health and pregnancy, demographics, literal health knowledge, unwritten hygiene, and alveolar consonant visits during pregnancy and their unforcedness for treatment was surveyed by self administered questionnaire from the patients who were willing to participate in the study. The data were collected, summarized and statistically analyzed.Results Awareness among pregnant women was found to be statistically non signifi sewert (p value 0.05) irrespective of the age and instructional qualifications (p value 0.05). completion Knowledge and awareness regarding periodontal disease, and its instal on the pregnancy and birth outcome are limited.Key words- Pregnancy, Awareness, Periodontal HealthINTRODUCTIONWomens liveness cycle changes presents unique challenges to the oral health care profession. Hormonal influences associated with the reproductive process alter periodontal and oral tissue responses to local factors creating diagnostic and cure dilemmas. It is imperative, therefore, that clinician reco gnize, customize and vary periodontal therapy, according to an individual female and the stage of her life cycle.1Apart from the underlying systemic diseases, ceratin physiological condition can also aggravate the underlying gingival status, especially when the oral hyagiene is poor. Pregnancy being one of these conditions, is a time when the patient may experience the nigh profound physiologic and psychological changes in her life. There is plenty of evidence in the literature suggesting an association between periodontal diseases, pregnancy and even preterm low birth weight deliveries. The link between periodontal infections and preterm birth has been one of the frontiers in dental research. The correlation has been expanded from periodontitis and preterm birth to various forms of periodontal infections and adverse pregnancy outcome, preterm birth, low birthweight, stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth retardation and pre-eclampsia.2,3,4Pregnancy wills an ideal opportunit y to improve womens health practices. Prenatal care entails fix and frequent medical visits, so that women are or can be motivated to improve their health for the benefit of the developing fetus. Since maternal oral phytology and oral hygiene practices are predictors of the oral plant life and oralhealth of infants and children, a pregnant womans knowledge and actions concerning her oral health are critical to the oral health of her child or children and may be a key to childhood caries prevention.Certain oral disease, such as periodontitis or periodontal infection, gingivitis or even caries can affect and influence not only the Maternal oral health but also the oral health of her child. Targeting pregnant women to increase their oral health knowledge may improve their oral health and, thus, the oral health of their children. Maternal oral flora and oral health are one of the greatest predictors of childhood oral flora and oral health.1,2The interaction between oral and systemic health has ample been of interest. It has been shown that pregnant womenhave a naughtyer(prenominal) incidence of gingival inflammation compared to non-pregnant women2,3,4 According to literature in pregnant women the incidence of gingival inflammation observed from 36% to 100 %3,5 These vascular and Hormonal changes can lead to exaggerated immune respone of gingival towards bacterial plaque. 6,7Good oral hygiene practices, however, can minimize gingival disease during pregnancy.2,7Two casecontrol studies 8,9 and cohort studies 10,11,12showed that periodontal disease could be an independent risk factor for pre-term birth and low birthweight after adjusting for several cognise risk factors. 2In fact, treatment of periodontal disease has been shown to reduce pre-term birth. 12,13Other studies have shown additional associations between periodontal diseaseand pregnancy, such as increased risk for development of pre-eclampsia during pregnancy.14The purpose of the present study was to assess the awareness regarding periodontal health among pregnant females in Bangalore. The results obtained would serve asbaseline information for planning an oral health reproduction program aimed at improving the oralhealth of pregnant women receiving care in the hospital.Specifically, it would identify areas of deficiency in thewomens knowledge and this would be helpful informulating the content of the oral health messages.MATERIALS AND METHODThe presentcross sectionalstudy was conducted in the Gynaecology Department of Government Hospital, K.R. Puram, Bangalore during June to August 2011.The minimum sample size wascomputed using the formula n= z2pq/d2 where p (theprevalence of women with advanced knowledge) was set at40%. Thus the computed minimum sample size was 271 subjects. This was increased by 10% to 300subjects to accommodate attrition. Hence, three hundred pregnant females who visited the OPD of Gynaecology Department of Government Hospital, K.R. Puram, Bangalorewere t aken instudy design using simple random sampling. The subjects were informed about the purpose of the study and only those who gave written voluntary consent were taken into the study. Also, ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board and permission from the head of Government Hospital was also obtained.The questionnaire wasdeveloped and pre-tested on 25 pregnant women toallow for refinement of the questions in enounce tofacilitate answering(Table 1). Questionnaires wereadministered to all consenting pregnantwomen who attended the antenatal clinic during thestudy period.The questionnaire contained two segments. The first part contained inquiries on the participants sociodemographic qualities, for example, age, occupation, monthly income and instructional status.The second part contained cardinal questions pertaining to participants awareness regarding knowledge of relationship between oral health and pregnancy, knowledge about oral health, knowledge about o ral hygiene, dental appointment during pregnancy, advice regarding necessity of dental health in pregnancy, presence of bleeding gums and whether any of the possible actions were taken to treat or reduce the gingival problems along with their compliance for the treatment.Each question answered Yes was given a score of 1 date for No, score 0 was given. Thus, the maximum achievablescore was 15 with a higher score indicating a high level of awareness. Individuals with scores of 11 and to a higher placewere graded as having high awareness, those having scores from 6 to 10 were having average awareness while those with scores 5 or less were having low awareness. Awareness of periodontal health, according to age and educational qualifications of the pregnant females was also considered in the study.The results obtained from the periodontal health awareness questionnaire were compiled and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 19.0. Descriptive statistics were reported as w ell as cross-tabulations by age, parity, education and occupation. For the purpose of analysis thelevel of education was categorized as low (primaryeducation only), middle (secondary education) andtertiary (post secondary education).Inference on the cross-tabulations were performed, using chi-square tests to test for general association. A probability value of RESULTSSociodemographic features of study participantsThe besotted age of our studypopulation was 24.97+4.343years (range 1835 years)with the majority of the study population in the 18-25 (59.3%) and 26-30 (33%) years old categories. Over half (53.7%) of the respondents wereprimigravida while the remaining women had between1 and 5 children. Out of the agree study population, 2.3% had primaryschool education, 10.7% secondary schooleducation, 33.3% attained post secondary educationand 53.7% attended university (Table 2). Most of the study participants were unemployed(78.3%), followed by employee (21.7%) (Table 2).On theutiliza tion of dental services, 285 (62.9%) respondentsreported ever visiting a dental facility.The mean of questions answered correct by the subject was 4.53 +1.814 with a range of 1 8.Majority, i.e. 60 percent subjects had low awareness and only 40 percent with average awareness and 0 percent with high awareness (Table 3). The results of awareness among pregnant women came out to be statistically non significant (p value 0.05) irrespective of the age.The results of awareness among pregnant women came out to be statistically non significant (p value 0.05) irrespective of educational qualifications.DISCUSSIONIt is worth sayin that good oral health in pregnancy is very eventful factor, as recent trends showed that the poor oral health can lead to unfavourable pregnancy results. This is important in context of developing countries like india, where high mortality rate present.Most of the common oral diseases present during pregnancy (i.e. periodontal disease) are preventable only by usin g simplest measures like regular flossing and tooth brushing.A souls knowledge, attitude and oral health would influence and generate such positive behaviour which is the ultimate result of persons awareness.15 Thus, this study wasdesigned to provide a view of periodontal awareness among pregnant females in Bangalore.The present study showed low awareness(60%) among majority of the study population followed by average awareness among rest 40% of the participants. The results of the present study were similar to study conducted by HA Alwaeli SH Al-Jundi (2005)16who concluded that knowledge and awareness for pregnant women about their teeth and gingival condition is generally poor. Pregnant women need accurate information about their teeth and oral health. Simple educational preventive programmes on oral self-care and disease prevention before and during pregnancy should be provided to improve oral health.Another similar kind of study was conducted by Kim A. Boggess Diana M. Urlaub, Merry-K Moos etal (2011)1and concluded that pregnant women have some oral health knowledge, which varied according to maternal race or ethnicity. Their beliefs varied according to their education levels. Including oral health education as a part of prenatal care may improve knowledge regarding the importance of oral health among vulnerable pregnant women, thereby, improving their oral health and that of their children.The awareness among pregnant women came out to be low below 25 years of age.The awareness among pregnant women came out to be average above 25 years of age.When the results were compared of above and below 25 years of age the awareness came out to be nonsignificant with average awareness among above 25 years of age.This study is not without limitations. Onelimitation is its reliance on self-reported data, which isoften subject to biases inherent to questions being askedsuch as recall bias. Nonetheless, the results wouldserve as a veritable tool for designing and specif yingappropriate oral health education messages forpregnant women receiving antenatal care.CONCLUSIONA majority of the pregnant women has good knowledge and information about general health however, their knowledge and awareness regarding periodontal disease, and its effect on the pregnancy and birth outcome is limited. Most pregnant women need more information about oral health, and prevention of gingival and periodontal diseases. longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term effect of oral health education programs in maternity care centers on dental health knowledge and behavior of pregnant women. Further studies are needed to determine if there is a strong correlation between periodontal disease and premature roil and whether periodontal therapy or prevention can reduce the risk of premature labor. Studies to assess the role of dental hygienists in designing and promoting information regarding periodontal health awareness and practices among pregnant women in maternity care centers.REFERENCESBoggess KA, Urlaub DM, Moos MK, Polinkovsky M, El-Khorazaty J, Lorenz C. Knowledge and beliefs regarding oral health among pregnant women. J Am DentAssoc. 2011142(11)1275-82.Loe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. preponderance and severity. Acta odontol scand. 196321533-51Jensen J, Lilijmack W, Bloomquist C. The effect of female sex hormones on subgingival plaque. J Periodontol198152 599602.Nuamah I, Annan BD. Periodontal status and oral hygiene practices of pregnant and non-pregnant women. East Afr Med J. 199875712-4.Ferris GM. diversity in female sex hormones their effect on oral tissues anddental treatment. Compendium. 1993 141558-64.Zachariasen RD. The effect of elevated ovarian hormones on periodontal healthoral contraceptives and pregnancy. Women Health. 19932021-30.Raber-Durlacher JE, van Steenbergen TJ, Van der Velden U, de Graaff J,Abraham-Inpijn L. Experimental gingivitis during pregnancy and post-partumclinical, endocrinological, a nd microbiological aspects. J Clin Periodontol. 199421549-58.Offenbacher S, Katz V, Fetik G, Collins J, Boyd D, Maynor G, et al. Periodontal infection as a possible risk factor for preterm low birth weight. J Periodontol 1996 67 11031113.Dasanayake A. Poor periodontal health of the pregnant woman as a risk factor for low birth weight. Ann Periodontol 1998 3 206212.Jeffcoat MK, Geurs NC, Reddy MS, Cliver SP, Goldenberg RL, Hauth JC.Periodontal infection and preterm birth results of a prospective study. J AmDent Assoc. 2001132875-80.Offenbacher S, Leiff S, Boggess KA, Murtha AP, Madianos PN, Champagne CM, etal. Maternal periodontitis and prematurity. Part 1 Obstetric outcome of prematurity and growth restriction. Ann Periodontol 2001 6 164174.Lopez NJ, Smith P, Gutierrez J. Periodontal therapy may reduce the risk of preterm low birthweight in women with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2002 73 911924.Jeffcoat MK, Hauth JC, Geurs NC, Reddy MS, Cliver SP, Hodgkins PM, etal. Periodonta l disease and preterm birth result of a pilot intervention study. J Periodontol 200374 12141218.Boggess KA, Lieff S, Murtha AP, Moss K, Beck J, Offenbacher S. Maternalperiodontal disease is associated with an increased risk for preeclampsia. ObstetGynecol. 2003101227-31.Al Habashneh R, Guthmiller JM, Levy S, Johnson GK, Squier C, Dawson DV, FangQ. Factors related to utilization of dental services during pregnancy. J ClinPeriodontol. 200532815-21.Alwaeli HA, Al-Jundi SH. Periodontal disease awareness among pregnant womenand its relationship with socio-demographic variables. Int J Dent Hyg. 2005374-82.TABLE 1 Questionnaire used for the studyTable 2 Socio-demographic characteristics of study populationTable 3 Percentage awareness among study population regarding periodontal health

Insight Meditation :: essays research papers

Buddhist meditation practices often emphasize mainly concentration, particularly on a certain person, place or thing. They teach the mind to focus on one point or object, which achieves strength of concentration. The results are peaceful states, and in some very rare cases are said to create supernormal powers. That is no wonder why many people steer in that direction, in hopes of achieving "superpowers". Insight meditation is quite different however, and although some degree of concentration is needed, the meditator focuses more on mindfulness of the situation. Insight is defined in the dictionary as "the capacity to discern the true nature of a situation". The basis of insight meditation is the four foundations of mindfulness. They include reflection of the body, contemplation of feelings, contemplation of the mind-state and contemplation of mind-objects. To achieve mindfulness one must try to be aware of these foundations as they exist in their bodies. For exampl e to be mindful of the body, it is necessary to be aware of breathing in, breathing out, posture, bodily movements inwardly and outwardly etc. One must be conscious of mind-objects such as desire, and understand hoe feelings like that come about and how they are eliminated. To understand mindfulness as simply as possible, one can look at the difference amid an unmindful person and the opposite. Everyday we see people who are unmindful of their actions, unmindful of their movements. Someone on the street who steps into a large give is unmindful of walking, such as someone who slips and falls. The state of mind of this person is unclear and possibly confused. We can compare this to ourselves in everyday life. Almost everybody has moments of immobility and moments of panic in their lives. When we are calm and composed, our minds are bright and clear, and our actions involve more thought. If we were to take a long walk on a perfect(a) beach, with not a single soul around, we would h ave a higher degree of mindfulness than say, a walk to the subway station. A walk along the beach is much more peaceful, thus easier for us to achieve that mindfulness. On the other hand most of us have experienced a prison term in our lives when we have been panic-stricken, for whatever reason. In those cases, are mind is cluttered, we cannot think clearly and make rational decisions. In a way we are fragmentise from our mind

The Rain Came Essay -- Literary Analysis, Ogot

The Rain Came by a renowned African writer Grace Ogot, is a story highly-developed on the background of cultural reality of the people called Luo in Kenya. She has tried to picture out the traditional culture of African people prior the European civilization influenced it. The story enlightens us how traditional people blindly believed in baseless and rootless practices without any judgment of rationality of their activities. Their faith in myths and respect towards their ancestors who are no more on the earth is greater than their lives. They are ready to sacrifice their beloved ones and to be sacrificed but can not go against the faiths they have been adopting for long. Similarly, the story is attempting to reveal and show the cruel and selfish stain smeared in human heart to grin even in others trouble if it benefits them. As story develops we see the Luo people undergoing very heart rendering situation caused by drought for long. Due to no rainfall, death has begun to strike it s cruel blows from the animals and birds in the Luo society. And it is crystal clear that the evil eyes of death falls upon their children and ultimately upon themselves. It is Labongo, the chief of them, upon whom they fully believe to rescue them and give new lives. The chief too, consider it to be his sole duty to find solution at any cost.A very panic and malicious resolution is found after he consults the prophecy i.e. his only daughter, Oganda from his fifth wife among twenty children of his five wives should be sacrificed to the lake monster at the sacred lake. With heavy heart and in tears he conveys his people the way of getting rid of the problem even watching his wife fainted in front of him. But the people, having informed the solution ... ...d. Of course it was an honour, a great honour, for a womans daughter to be chosen to die for the country. (P 339). They celebrate fertilise, dance and singing. In the morning a big feast of many different dishes was prepared for Oganda so that she could pick and choose. People dont eat after death, they say. (P 339). These all are cultural belief.ConclusionTo fit up, Ogot has successfully demonstrated traditional culture of Luo community. Before the influence of European civilization, African societies were engulfed in impractical, unscientific, irrational and senseless practices. Innocent people especially exculpated women and girls had to be the preys of such practices. Oganda is a representative character who has to throw herself into the merciless claws of such ill-practice. In the same way so many Ogandas have to be the victims time and again in the world.

A Deep Look At Elisa Allen in Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums Essay

The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck is non just a simple short bilgewater. Yes it is a short story slightly a country housewife that lives a wordy c atomic number 18er and grows beautiful flowers. She is then mislead to believe that a perfect stranger has bet in her flowers and is moved to reveal to him her secrets in growing them and dismantle give him not only some of her prized shoots from the flowers entirely also some work so that he is given what he originally wanted. She then finds her shoots impel haphazardly on the side of the road. She begins to ask for wine and becomes very saddened and begins to weep. On the surface it seems the likes of a very superficial story about how a woman could be deceived by a man into believing that he has arouse in what she can accomplish. However when one reads the story from a high critical perspective, especially the last line one realizes how deeply profound the story genuinely is. The last line of the story where the main char acter enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay Allen declares that a little wine will be enough and she begins to cry like an antiquated woman reveals that she has grudgingly accepted her lot in life and accepts that she can only experience so much fulfillment due to her position in society and the fact that it has stolen her youth and left her a harsh old woman.Elisa Allen is a strong hardworking woman that is very skilled at growing Chrysanthemums. Her husband recognizes her skill however he does not truly appreciate what is behind it. He kinda attempts to encourage her to use her skills for a much practical and therefore supposedly more meaningful try such as growing apple trees. Her husband, Henry Allen does not understand her mind his interest is focused not on the point that she likes to grow it but on the possibility o... ...en, as even her husband had made a joke about taking her there. However she desires to go and although envisioning such battue repulses her it i s also alluring. In other words, the imbalance between the relatively restricted setting and Elisas spring desire to wander into the unknown territory is chiefly intentional to strengthen the overall imagery of Elisa, whose drive to experience the violent outer world. (Compare Contrast Essay) So she decides to ask if she can have some wine instead and hopes for the excitement it mightiness be able to bring although she knows that whatever momentary excitement it might bring it is not lasting. The next day she will endure to be a bored house wife, with a husband that largely ignores her and is boring and content. dismantle what she has to work on, the source of pride in her life the Chrysanthemums are meaningless. So she weeps. A Deep Look At Elisa Allen in Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums EssayThe Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck is not just a simple short story. Yes it is a short story about a country housewife that lives a boring life and grows beautiful flowers. She is then mislead to believe that a perfect stranger has interest in her flowers and is moved to reveal to him her secrets in growing them and even give him not only some of her prized shoots from the flowers but also some work so that he is given what he originally wanted. She then finds her shoots thrown haphazardly on the side of the road. She begins to ask for wine and becomes very saddened and begins to weep. On the surface it seems like a very superficial story about how a woman could be deceived by a man into believing that he has interest in what she can accomplish. However when one reads the story from a higher critical perspective, especially the last line one realizes how deeply profound the story really is. The last line of the story where the main character Elisa Allen declares that a little wine will be enough and she begins to cry like an old woman reveals that she has grudgingly accepted her lot in life and accepts that she can only experience so much fulfillment due to her position in society and the fact that it has stolen her youth and left her a bitter old woman.Elisa Allen is a strong hardworking woman that is very skilled at growing Chrysanthemums. Her husband recognizes her skill however he does not truly appreciate what is behind it. He instead attempts to encourage her to use her skills for a more practical and therefore supposedly more meaningful endeavor such as growing apple trees. Her husband, Henry Allen does not understand her mind his interest is focused not on the point that she likes to grow it but on the possibility o... ...en, as even her husband had made a joke about taking her there. However she desires to go and although envisioning such bloodshed repulses her it is also alluring. In other words, the imbalance between the relatively restricted setting and Elisas vaulting desire to wander into the unknown territory is chiefly designed to strengthen the overall imagery of Elisa, whose drive to experience the violent out er world. (Compare Contrast Essay) So she decides to ask if she can have some wine instead and hopes for the excitement it might be able to bring although she knows that whatever momentary excitement it might bring it is not lasting. The next day she will continue to be a bored house wife, with a husband that largely ignores her and is boring and content. Even what she has to work on, the source of pride in her life the Chrysanthemums are meaningless. So she weeps.

President Clinton’s Pentad Essay -- Burke Clinton Social Action Essays

President Clintons PentadThroughout time, many theorists have studied modes of persuasion. The ancient Greeks focused on telling discourse in the public arena which allowed a democracy to function properly. However, more recently Kenneth hit, a literary critic and philosopher, has also evaluated how our language influences affable action. Yet unlike the ancient philosophers, Burke was interested in how not just public messages but all symbolic activity leads to persuasion of others. From this belief, Burke developed the surmisal of Dramatism which he defined as, The study of human relation and motives by means of a methodical inquiry into cycles or clusters of terms and their function (Hauser, 1998, October 30). He viewed manners as a drama which contained a series of accounts with interacting parts that create meaning and persuasion (Gusfield, 1989). Burke coined many terms unique to his theory that he could apply to any situation involving persuasive communication. Therefore, Burkes theory of Dramatism can be clearly illustrated by identifying his key terms and applying these to an instance of persuasive communication however, this theory does not easily apply to other forms of communication.To begin, it is important to understand Burkes main themes and the terms involved in each. Burke has three main themes in his theory the necessary elements for a foundation which leads to persuasion, the tools needed to evaluate a persuasive situation, and the involvement of guilt in the core of the persuasive situation. A sequence of these three themes appear within persuasive communication.First, Burke focused his work on the use of persuasion in the social realm. Furthermore, in accordance with what was stated befor... ...his theory provides a clear understanding of rhetoric and its effects, but does not apply to all communication scenarios. Therefore, Burkes theory of Dramatism is strong within a limited scope, but weak as an overarching theory of all communic ation.Works CitedCraig, R. (1998, November 9). Lecture in Boulder at the University of Colorado.Desilet, G. (1972). Kenneth Burkes Dramatism in Perspective. Santa Barbara.Griffin, E. (1997). A First Look at Communication Theory. New York McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Gusfield, J. (1989). On Symbols and Society. Chicago University of Chicago Press.Hauser, G. (1986). Introduction to Rhetorical Theory. luck Heights Waveland Press, Inc.Hauser, G. (1998, November 2). Lecture in Boulder at the University of Colorado.Hauser, G. (1998, October 30). Lecture in Boulder at the University of Colorado.

Synthetic Model of Bioethical Inquiry :: Biology

Bioethics and the Synthetic Model of Bio estimable InquiryABSTRACT Bioethics, viewed as both a form of reflective apply and a create discipline, is concerned with the moral aspects of health care practice and research. With its steady maturation in the domain of moral discourse, bioethics has presided over a number of questions roughly the nature of human illness and how problems imposed by illness can be understood in an age marked not only by progress, but also by the concomitant fear that such progress will outstrip our humanity and our dignity as persons. I discuss or so of the current tensions and ambiguities inherent in the field of bioethics as it continues to mature. In particular I focus on the present tendency in bioethics to bifurcate ethical theory and practice. I analyze slightly of the dichotomies resulting from such bifurcation. Finally, I call for an approach to bioethical discourse defined by the rigor of systematic and critical thinking characteristic of ethic al theory, the disciplined eloquence and persuasive power of rhetoric, and the principles of Renaissance humanism. A new model of bioethics is proposed, one that synthesizes the analytic functions of moral theory with the unimaginative and therapeutic functions of rhetorical humanism such a model bridges the divide between theory and practice. This synthetic model of bioethical inquiry emerges from both old-fashioned and contemporary debates just about the possibility and nature of moral knowledge as well as from the moral teachings of humanists and rhetoricians throughout the history of ideas. The bioethics field has had an impressive rival on public, professional, and personal life in the last twenty five years. Bioethics, viewed as both a form of reflective practice and a developing discipline, is concerned with the moral aspects of health care practice and research. With its steady maturation in the domain of moral discourse, the field of bioethics has presided over a number of questions about the nature of human illness and how the problems imposed by illness can be understood in an age marked not only by progress, but by the concomitant fear that such progress will outstrip our humanity and our dignity as persons. This paper attempts to sort out some of the current tensions and ambiguities inherent in the field of bioethics as it continues to mature. In particular it focuses on the present tendency in bioethics to bifurcate ethical theory and practice and analyzes some of the dichotomies which result from it.